MitoBurn: β-Aminoisobutyric Acid (L-BAIBA) from NNB Nutrition

We recently covered an exercise-induced amino acid named BAIBA. This article expands on that article’s research and introduces you to a tested and verified form of L-BAIBA named MitoBurn from NNB Nutrition.

MitoBurn

NNB Nutrition has finally brought us a trusted and tested form of L-BAIBA, which we call an “exercise signal” that kickstarts incredible metabolic processes!

Early this decade, researchers discovered a large increase in the amounts of a non-protein amino acid known as “BAIBA” when both humans and animals exercised.[1] This amino acid, also known as β-aminoisobutyric acid, had been detected in human urine as far back as 1951,[2] but only recently has the scientific community realized just how important it truly is.

Discovering myokines

As researchers examined the link between physical activity and the changes that occur in response to muscle stress, they discovered compounds that are released from skeletal muscle during muscle contraction. These compounds were originally called “exercise factors”, and later named to cytokines, but the ones that come from the skeletal muscle system are now defined as myokines.

Myokines

Due to the Myokines released, many researchers are now calling skeletal muscle itself an “endocrine organ”![3] BAIBA may be one of the most impactful ones.

The discovery of myokines has opened an exciting and vast field of study, specifically in exercise physiology. BAIBA is a myokine that is generated in response to exercise stimulus.Once researchers saw that BAIBA levels increased during exercise, they began connecting the dots, noting that it’s actually more of a signal in the body, and initiates an incredible chain reaction of thermogenic, fat-releasing mechanisms.[1,4] BAIBA’s presence is inversely correlated with many cardiometabolic risk factors, such as lower fasting blood sugar and insulin levels, less insulin resistance, and better lipid profiles. In general, more BAIBA meant a better metabolic profile.

The “exercise signal” molecule? Can we supplement it?

Naturally, scientists asked, “What happens if we supplement more BAIBA in these animals without exercise? Will it mimic some of the effects of exercise?”

The answer was yes. Demonstrated and published in 2014, oral BAIBA supplementation activated many of the same “thermogenic programs” as exercise itself does![1,5]

With that recent discovery began a firestorm of new research, investigating just how many metabolic processes this incredible molecule could assist. It turns out there are several.

BAIBA’s Benefits

There is now animal research touting the following metabolic changes from BAIBA:

BAIBA Results

Beta-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), induces beneficial effects on lipid homeostasis in mice.[6]

    • Increased conversion from energy-storing white adipose tissue to energy-burning brown-like adipose tissue.[1,5]
    • Increased fatty acid oxidation (fat burning)[1,7] and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (the primary ketone body generated when oxidizing fat).[7]
    • Protection against fat gain in mice that have low leptin levels.[1,6]
    • Improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance.[8,9]
    • Prevention of disuse-based bone and muscle loss.[10]

We’re only scratching the surface with this research, as new information seems to come out each year at blazing speeds.

Meanwhile, back in 2015, “early adopter” supplement users began testing it for themselves — at least when they could get a hold of a stable supply — with no ill effects and many great anecdotal experiences.[11]

Finding BAIBA

Before NNB Nutrition hit the scene, BAIBA ingredients were incredibly difficult to source. It was tough to keep stable as a powder, and it was even tougher to procure in its most biologically active type — L-BAIBA (or S-BAIBA),[4] as opposed to the less-potent D-BAIBA / R-BAIBA.

Fast forward five years later, and one brilliant science-driven company has figured it out, producing a lab-tested, stabilized form of L-BAIBA:

Introducing MitoBurn from NNB Nutrition

NNB Nutrition MitoBurn

Interested in trying NNB Nutrition’s MitoBurn for your brand’s formulas? Contact us and we’ll arrange a sample for you or email NNB Nutrition directly at info@nnbnutrition.com!

NNB Nutrition is an innovative ingredient development company with an elite team of over 100 scientists from over 10 countries. Using their industry-leading knowledge and state of the art technology, they seized the opportunity to create the ingredient we have been searching for these past five years.

They’re calling it MitoBurn, and it’s the real deal patent-pending L-isomer free acid form of BAIBA, with HPLC tests further verified by optical rotation testing to prove that it is what they say it is.

NNB Nutrition

NNB Nutrition is an innovative ingredient development company with an elite team of over 100 scientists from over 10 countries.

After discussing a bit more about MitoBurn itself, this article covers all of the currently-known information about this “exercise signal supplement”, and the growing amount of research successfully using it.

What is MitoBurn?

MitoBurn is L-BAIBA that comes in powder form and is stable, odor-free, and nearly tasteless. There’s only a slight bit of bitterness, which is completely masked by every liquid drink we’ve mixed it with (pre workout supplements, fat burning powders, and amino acid supplements).

More information on MitoBurn can be found at NNBNutrition.com or by contacting info@nnbnutrition.com, and an example HPLC lab test is provided below as an example of what NNB can provide to supplement brands.

NNB Nutrition MitoBurn

NNB Nutrition provided this HPLC lab test for MitoBurn, with one central peak and no additional “noise” or impurities.

MitoBurn / BAIBA Discussion with Shawn Wells

Shawn Wells, MPH RD CISSN FISSN, is the Chief Science Officer with NNB Nutrition, and joined us on our podcast to discuss BAIBA and MitoBurn. We cover much of what’s discussed below in the rest of the article, so feel free to follow along and ask any questions in the comments section of this article or the YouTube video:

Subscribe to PricePlow on YouTube!

Supplement Applications for MitoBurn

Products using MitoBurn should typically be taken 1-2 times per day, with 250-500mg in each serving. It’s best utilized in weight loss formulas such as fat burners and fat burning drinks, but can also be effective in pre workout supplements – both stimulant-based and stimulant-free varieties.

Given its ability to increase plasma ketone bodies,[7] it may be of extra interest to low-carb dieters, but due to research showing improvements to carbohydrate tolerance and insulin sensitivity,[9] we argue that it makes sense in “lean bulking” and glucose disposal agent supplements as well!

Lower, we discuss how L-BAIBA is metabolized from L-valine,[4] so there’s potential for a synergistic effect of pairing MitoBurn with a valine-rich BCAA or EAA supplement to maximize its production. This is especially true for BCAA or BHB supplements taken during fasts, since PGC1a is also elevated when you fast and may be incredibly effective during fasted states.

Anti-aging researchers and supplement formulators should also look into the underlying research, since it improves mitochondrial biogenesis and overall function, and mitochondrial health is a cornerstone of maintaining youth.

Finally, an argument could possibly be made to use it in “bone and joint care” formulas, especially for those who are sidelined, since newer animal research has shown BAIBA to prevent disuse-based bone and muscle loss![10]

Why L-BAIBA over D/R-BAIBA?

NNB BAIBA

Pure L-BAIBA, the metabolite of Valine that jumpstarts the exercise “metabolic program”

As mentioned above, there are two enantiomers, or “forms” of BAIBA in biology: D-BAIBA (R-BAIBA) and L-BAIBA (S-BAIBA).[12,13] Consider these to be “right-handed” and “left-handed” notations – they consist of the same molecular formulas, but are configured as mirror images of each other. This is similar to your left and right hands — they are the “same”, but cannot be superimposed onto each other.

The “right and left handed” forms of BAIBA correspond to the two other amino acids that are metabolized in order to produce them: thymine and valine.

Valine (the BCAA) metabolizes into L-BAIBA

Most readers on this site will be familiar with valine, since it’s one of the three branched-chain amino acids, or BCAAs. These aminos are of the nine essential amino acids that are critical to get via diet (and supplementation, if necessary), since the body cannot synthesize them itself.[14]

Most researchers suggest that D-BAIBA is the most prevalent enantiomer in urine,[12,15] but newer research confirms that L-BAIBA is most major in plasma.[16]

Thymine metabolizes into R-BAIBA

The difference? D-BAIBA is produced from the metabolism of thymine, but L-BAIBA is produced from mitochondrial reactions of L-valine.[4,17,18]

L-BAIBA

L-BAIBA comes from Valine, while R-BAIBA comes from Thymine

Ultimately, it’s L-BAIBA that gets increased during muscle contraction, thanks to oxidation of L-valine.[10] This is why research studies call it an “exercise-induced muscle factor”. It’s only fitting that the commonly-used workout amino acid in valine contributes to the active form of BAIBA that athletes and dieters are looking for. We frequently talk about the benefits of the main muscle-building / mTOR-signaling BCAA in leucine, but often miss how important valine is for its BAIBA production.

Internally, the body may convert between the two forms of BAIBA, and there may be some benefits to D-BAIBA,[4] but L-BAIBA is the one demonstrating the most metabolic health potential.

Justifying the dosage: Conversions and isomer considerations

MitoBurn Dosage

A close-up shot of the white powder. 250mg of MitoBurn is roughly 1/8tsp (a “dash”)

When calculating the human equivalent dose (HED) normalized for body surface area (BSA) of the successful mice studies, the data computes to about a gram per day for a 60kg (132lb) human, or closer to 1.5g/day for a 100kg (220lb) bodybuilding male. However, those studies used mixed isomers, while newer data shows that L-BAIBA is the active one.

So when using pure L-BAIBA, we can cut those converted doses in half, leading us to the aforementioned recommended 250-500mg, 1-2x per day.

Heat stability for use in liquid applications

MitoBurn has been tested for heat stability and is known to be stable up to 212°F. This is not an upper limit, it is simply the upper tested limit as of 2020, so greater temperatures can be tested.

In addition, MitoBurn is also stable in carbonated beverages.

If you’re a brand formulator or representative, find more information on using MitoBurn in your next formula at NNBNutrition.com or contact info@nnbnutrition.com. You can also contact us to arrange a sample.

Now it’s time to get back to the incredible background and data on this molecule:

Back to BAIBA: The underlying research

The research discussed above, from 1951 to 2014, closed an important gap in our knowledge on metabolism, since it had already been known for a decade that giving BAIBA to mice increased beta-oxidation[19] (fat burning) and increased plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate,[7] the primary ketone body generated when converting fat for energy use.

The “what” was there, but not the “how” or “why”. This is where our recent biological knowledge has expanded at an incredible rate:

The exercise connection

It’s already well-known that exercise is incredibly effective for both the prevention and treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes[20] and is protective against various cardiovascular disease risk factors.[21-23] However, it should be noted that when it comes to actual weight loss, diet is still king,[24] and exercise alone cannot overcome a poor diet.[25-28] The healthiest people seemingly have both under control, and exercise on a properly-constructed diet applies some serious gas to the problem.

Skeletal muscle as an “endocrine organ”?!

Skeletal Muscle Endocrine Organ

Exercise-induced myokines play critical roles in beneficial metabolic adaptations.[29]

We’ve learned incredible details about our physiology over the years. The secretory function of the skeletal muscle is now firmly established, and the cytokines and peptides of the muscle secretome have been named ‘myokines’ and are likely involved in mediating the beneficial effects of exercise.For example, one of the first identified cytokines released by muscle, IL-6 has been shown to increase glucose uptake and fat oxidation in the muscle and to have potent anti-inflammatory effects. Others include irisin and IL-15, which increase the browning of white adipose tissue (and thus energy expenditure), and increase muscle mass and improve glucose tolerance, respectively.[29]The overall idea is that the contracting muscle acts as an endocrine organ[3] and releases myokines (similar to the way adipose tissue secretes adipokines) that act in a hormone-like fashion, exerting effects locally or on other organs around the body.

So what happens when you exercise? What signals are sent to the rest of the body telling it to ramp up the necessary biological processes to adapt to the incoming “stressor”?

PGC1 Alpha

BAIBA Supplements

Simplified scheme of BAIBA metabolism, valine degradation, and thymine catabolism (image courtesy Kegg Pathway)

PGC 1 alpha is a protein whose expression increases during and after exercise. It helps control many biological programs related to energy metabolism and contributes to our bodies’ responses to the stimulus of physical exercise.

Also known as PGC1α (PPARγ coactivator-1 α), it performs the following tasks:

  • increasing development of mitochondria (cell powerhouses),[30]
  • prevents muscular atrophy,[31]
  • regulate blood pressure,
  • regulate cholesterol production and utilization, and
  • affects the composition of our fat cells.[32]

However, PGC1 alpha is a protein only found in muscle tissue, so it requires “messenger” molecules known as mokines to do its bidding elsewhere in the body.[32] Two such myokines are irisin and BAIBA.

PPAR Alpha – The real player (if PGC1 alpha is active)

However, it’s important to note that BAIBA actually performs most of its roles through PPAR alpha activation (PPAR is short for proliferator-activated receptor alpha).[1,10] It’s only released when PGC1 alpha is also expressed, though, so both are critically important.

When BAIBA acts on PPARa, it initiates the roles of white adipose browning, increased beta oxidation, and prevention of fat creation.[1,5,33,34]

The chain reaction to understand

What effectively happens is the following: exercise increases PCG-1a, PGC-1a increases BAIBA, BAIBA boosts PPAR alpha activity, and PPARa then goes on to do the work we need (and love) when exercising.

PPAR alpha performs much of its work via an increase of the transport, binding, and activation of fatty acids, leading to increased beta oxidation (the process where fat is broken down for energy use).[35,36]

The Brown Fat Connection

BAIBA Weight Loss

“BAIBA is released from the muscle after an exercise bout, promoting differentiation of brown adipocyte-like cells within subcutaneous fat depots and fat oxidation in the liver.”[37]

One of the most impressive effects of PPARa is its ability to trigger the “browning of fat”.[38] This is the process when white adipose tissue (the ugly and metabolically-unhealthy kind we wish to burn) turns to brown adipose tissue (the thermogenic kind that increases energy expenditure).[39] This becomes important later on, because as we’ll see, BAIBA has the incredible ability to get PPARa to induce a “beiging” of white fat, potentially making it more active and easier to burn.

What’s this all mean?

What this ultimately means is that PGC-1a and PPARa are critically necessary for exercise-induced fat metabolism, and when BAIBA is supplemented in animal models, they get turned up, even without exercise!

While we never recommend not exercising, there are certain times when we cannot (perhaps due to injury or physical inability), and there are certain times when we’d like to increase our body’s response to the exercise we can perform. These are situations where BAIBA seems to have profound effects.

With the background in place, let’s see how BAIBA actually performs as a supplement:

BAIBA-specific research

The following studies have been demonstrated in animal models:

  1. BAIBA converts white fat to a “hybrid” fat

    Brown, Beige, and White Fat

    The regulation of brown and beige adipocyte development.

    The landmark Roberts study that put BAIBA on our map in 2014 was due to the incredible effect that BAIBA upregulated PPARa so much that it “beiged” white adipose tissue, giving it characteristics of brown fat, yet within the white fat cells.[1]

    This allowed for more heat generation from the stored fat, likely amplifying fat oxidation capabilities over time (in line with what previous animal studies already showed).

  2. Increased fat oxidation

    Researchers have demonstrated supplemental BAIBA’s ability to increase fatty acid oxidation in the liver mitochondria.[7] This is incredibly important, because too much liver fat can lead to tremendous amounts of disease, and we postulate that the body will prioritize burning this fat before really attacking body fat stores en masse.

  3. Increased ketone body generation

    In line with the above study, it was discovered a year prior that ingestion of BAIBA led to increased levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB),[19] the primary ketone body generated when beta-oxidizing fat. This leads us to believe that β-aminoisobutyric acid is a ketogenic compound, and the aforementioned study discussed above (in the “increased fat oxidation” section) closed the loop on why these BHB levels were increased.

    In addition, BAIBA supplementation also led to statistically significant increases of acetoacetate, another ketone body.[19]

  4. Prevention of fat gain in cases of partial leptin deficiency

    BAIBA Fat Mass Leptin Deficiency

    Leptin problem in rats? Not a problem after BAIBA treatment![6]

    Leptin is a hormone that helps regulate energy intake by inhibiting hunger. It’s made by fat cells and intestinal cells, and research has showed that obese individuals have decreased leptin sensitivity and are unable to feel full, despite already having plenty of fat/energy stores and high levels of leptin.[40] Due to this situation, one of the challenges in treating obese individuals is targeting satiety through proper diet (protein, fat, and mineral leverage are of utmost importance), but researchers always try to find if more can be done.

    An interesting animal study duplicated the increases in fatty acid oxidation in the liver, but also noted that four months of BAIBA supplementation almost completely prevented the gain of body fat mass (and partially protected against the loss of lean body mass) in mice that were partially deficient in leptin.[1,6]

    It did not help with the animals that were completely leptin deficient, however, and was less effective with wild animals. But in the case of those with some leptin issues, BAIBA shows incredible promise, and could be another chip against the obesity epidemic.

  5. Improvements in Handling Glucose “Disturbances” in Diabetic Mice

    A study on diabetic mice showed that four weeks of regular oral administration of BAIBA reduced blood glucose and lipid levels, as well as improvements to several key enzymes related to insulin resistance and lipid accumulation.

    In the study, an “assault” of glucose was administered, and the mice taking BAIBA had a far better time clearing it and keeping blood glucose and liver weights levels low compared to those that did not receive BAIBA. More importantly, this was despite increased caloric intake![9]

    However, it’s important to note that the control group which received no glucose (and no BAIBA) had the best scores, meaning that it’s still better for diabetics to not eat any sugar at all than to eat sugar alongside supplements like BAIBA. Supplements can only go so far, especially in the case of such “saturation-based” diseases.

  6. Improvement of Glucose Tolerance on high-fat diets

    BAIBA High Fat Diet

    Despite eating the most calories, the high-fat diet mice that also received BAIBA had far less weight gain and better blood glucose scores than their non-BAIBA counterparts.[8]

    Similar to the above study, it has been demonstrated that after being put on a high-fat diet and becoming insulin resistant, mice also had a better time dealing with a glucose challenge when given BAIBA.[8]This gives a potential application for MitoBurn for a high-fat, low-carb dieter who wants to supplement carbohydrates for performance or recovery purposes… or one who is just looking for a high-carb cheat meal.

  7. Prevention of Disuse-Based Bone and Muscle Loss

    As noted above, we always recommend exercise when possible. But sometimes, for various reasons, it simply can’t be done — or some people are unable to pull the “exercise lever” hard enough to make a major impact.

    The good news is that diet is still most important,[24] so there is hope for those who are overweight but unable to exercise. The bad news is that this lack of exercise leads to bone and muscle loss,[41] which has serious ramifications over time.

    Given the knowledge that exercise maintains bone and muscle mass, and that BAIBA induces an “exercise-like” chain reaction of biological processes, researchers wanted to see if it could also prevent muscle and bone loss when unloading mice from their hind legs.

    It turns out that it did – there was less cell death, especially in younger mice.[10] Specifically, BAIBA was able to prevent the breakdown of mitochondria due to ROS (reactive oxygen species). It was even more protective than other known therapies tested!

    While the research is preliminary, this is incredibly exciting for those who are unable to exercise but are looking to get back into it after some weight loss or injury recovery.

  8. Protection against renal fibrosis

    In 2018, researchers further hypothesized that BAIBA could perhaps prevent cell death in other organs, such as kidneys. They found it slowed the creation of connective tissue known as fibroblasts, and indeed attenuated the disease:[42]

    “our data provide the first demonstration that BAIBA significantly alleviated the fibrotic responses and renal functional impairment in the obstructed kidneys. Inhibition of Ang II / IL-17 / ROS signaling pathway was responsible for the role of BAIBA in attenuating renal fibrosis. BAIBA may be useful for the treatment of patients with chronic kidney diseases.”[42]

Again, it’s important to note that these studies were done on mice, but there is a clear and consistent trend with BAIBA: it helps attenuate problems similar to the way exercise does.

Given that natural ingredients like MitoBurn can signal the body to execute the same “programs” as when you exercise, it’s an incredibly exciting time now that we have a trusted, tested, and stable form of L-BAIBA in MitoBurn.

Safety Data: A Very High LD50 in Mice

Just at the end of 2019, NNB Nutrition contacted us with a new third-party analysis that was performed regarding the LD50 dosage of MitoBurn / L-BAIBA in mice. LD50 is short for “Lethal Dose, 50%” and means the “median lethal dose” — which really means the amount that is required (usually in terms of body weight) needed to kill 50% of the test population.

Key data is below, but the conclusion is that MitoBurn’s LD50 is greater than 2,000mg/kg body weight, as there was no mortality or adverse clinical reaction at that dose, which was the maximum tested.[43] They conclude that it is safe at the doses suggested on this and their websites.

Some key images are below, and unsurprisingly, the higher doses showed more weight loss! This of course does not mean we suggest these high doses. It means we are comfortable at the ones suggested on the page.

Mitoburn L-BAIBA LD50 Safety

Even at extremely high doses, the LD50 in mice has not yet been discovered.[43]

While we once again maintain the same doses suggested above, this provides for an additional level of safety data and comfort with MitoBurn / L-BAIBA.

Suggested FDA Compliance

IMPORTANT: The following information is based upon our research, but we are not lawyers. If you are a supplement manufacturer considering using BAIBA and would like further confirmation, please consult your legal team or contact us for DSHEA subject matter experts.

No statements on this page have been approved by the FDA.

In the United States of America, the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA 1994) is the de-facto law of the land when it comes to dietary supplement standards and definitions.[44]

BAIBA Wedgewood

β-Aminoisobutyric Acid has basis in nature in both plants and animals, and is an amino acid (and a metabolite of an amino acid) to boot. Several bases are covered here.

Written and passed by Congress, DSHEA 1994 is oft-quoted for clause §3(a)(ff)(1), which defines the term “dietary supplement”:

  • (A) a vitamin;
  • (B) a mineral;
  • (C) an herb or other botanical;
  • (D) an amino acid;
  • (E) a dietary substance for use by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake; or
  • (F) a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any ingredient described in clause (A), (B), (C), (D), or (E);

(These clauses are in addition to the fact that the ingredient in question cannot be a scheduled drug, is intended for ingestion, and a few other stipulations.)

So where does BAIBA fit in?

BAIBA is actually covered multiple times by DSHEA 1994, in section (D) as well as twice in section (F). First, in (D), β-aminoisobutyric acid is in fact an amino acid.

Additionally, we have two forms of coverage in section (F) crossed with section (D), as it is a metabolite of two different amino acids in thymine and valine.

Additional basis in nature (botanicals)

L-BAIBA Powder

MitoBurn L-BAIBA Powder is nearly tasteless, with just a smidgen of bitterness that’s easily covered up.

However, we also have yet another case for compliance, as BAIBA is found in nature! Covering the occasionally-disputed “constituent of a botanical” clause that crosses sections (F) and (C), BAIBA has also been found in several plants, such as poaceae, fabaceae, glycine max, cucurbitaceae, and none other than theobroma cacao.[45] However, this information comes courtesy of the Canada Foundation for Innovation, and they do not cite any peer-reviewed research.

Isolated in Wedgewood Iris

To further the argument, another paper from 1958 titled “Isolation of β-Aminoisobutyric Acid from Bulbs of Iris tingitana var. Wedgewood” was written by researchers who were able to isolate the amino acid in Wedgewood iris as well.[46]

With this many cases covered, we are confident that MitoBurn far surpasses the minimum standard, and truly fills the role of “dietary supplement”, as it is a naturally-occurring amino acid that many people could gain benefit from having more of.

The Anecdotal Side: Mike’s MitoBurn Review

Below, Mike talks about his personal experience with BAIBA, both on and off training. He gets into warming up, heart rate, and other subtle effects. The long story short is that we consider this “Half a gear more”, which we’re always excited about with a non-stimulant ingredient!!

Subscribe to PricePlow on YouTube!

Mito is the future. NNB Nutrition’s MitoBurn is the Ignition

The scientific community has quickly recognized that mitochondrial health is far more important than previously considered.

There are a few to improve mitochondrial status:

  1. Exercise – Especially HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training)
  2. Intermittent Fasting
  3. Sleep
  4. Appropriate Carbohydrate Intake (dependent upon body status

MitoBurn L-BAIBA may help you pull the first and second levers — exercise and fasting — harder than normal.

Pull the exercise lever harder

MitoBurn Logo

MitoBurn from NNB Nutrition has been tested out to be a pure form of BAIBA on the market!

We theorize that MitoBurn can amplify lower-intensity exercise, stimulating the body into more of a HIIT-like response. We further believe that it can maintain an “exercise-like status” on the non-exercise portion of the day, or on rest days. And finally, we’re excited that it could possibly bring some health benefits to those who cannot exercise due to injury or other ailments.

A smarter way to fast

Additionally, as PGC1a is also elevated when you fast, supplementing with BAIBA in a fasted state may be even more effective during those intermittent fasts – and there’s an added possibility of increased BHB levels!

For nearly half a decade, we have been following this promising ingredient, hoping that someone could bring a biologically active, stable, and lab-tested form to the market for various fat burners, pre workouts, and glucose disposal agents. We now have that and more in MitoBurn, and the research is only getting started.

All PricePlow Articles Mentioning MitoBurn

See NNBNutrition.com for more information, or contact NNB directly at info@nnbnutrition.com.

About the Author: Mike Roberto

Mike Roberto

Mike Roberto is a research scientist and water sports athlete who founded PricePlow. He is an n=1 diet experimenter with extensive experience in supplementation and dietary modification, whose personal expertise stems from several experiments done on himself while sharing lab tests.

Mike's goal is to bridge the gap between nutritional research scientists and non-academics who seek to better their health in a system that has catastrophically failed the public. Mike is currently experimenting with a low Vitamin A diet.

11 Comments | Posted in , , | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

References

  1. Roberts, L, et al; “b-Aminoisobutyric Acid Induces Browning of White Fat and Hepatic b-Oxidation and Is Inversely Correlated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors”; Cell Metabolism; Volume 19, Issue 1, pp96-108; 2014; https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(13)00497-X
  2. Crumpler, H, et al; “beta-Aminoisobutyric acid (alpha-methyl-beta-alanine); a new amino-acid obtained from human urine”; Nature; 167(4243):307-8; Feb 24, 1951; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14806475
  3. Schnyder, Svenia, Handschin, Christoph; “Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: PGC-1α, myokines and exercise”; Bone; Volume 80, Pages 115-125; November 2015; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S8756328215000459
  4. Tanianskii, Dmitrii A et al; “Beta-Aminoisobutyric Acid as a Novel Regulator of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism”; Nutrients; vol. 11,3 524; February 28, 2019; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6470580/
  5. Boström, Pontus et al; “A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis”; Nature; vol. 481,7382 463-8. January 11, 2012; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3522098/
  6. Begriche, K., Massart, J., Abbey-Toby, A., Igoudjil, A., Letteron, P., & Fromenty, B; “β-Aminoisobutyric Acid Prevents Diet-induced Obesity in Mice With Partial Leptin Deficiency”; Journal of Obesity; 16, 2053-2067; September 6, 2012; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1038/oby.2008.337
  7. Maisonneuve, C, et al; “Effects of zidovudine, stavudine and beta-aminoisobutyric acid on lipid homeostasis in mice: possible role in human fat wasting”; Antiviral Therapy; 9(5):801-10; October 2004; https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ad85/0e69e7a66f59bd0491fbf2b39da15f6eb2cf.pdf
  8. Jung, Tae Woo, et al; “BAIBA attenuates insulin resistance and inflammation induced by palmitate or a high fat diet via an AMPK–PPARδ-dependent pathway in mice”; Diabetologia; Volume 58, Issue 9, pp 2096–2105; September 2015; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-015-3663-z
  9. Shi, Chang-Xiang et al; “β-aminoisobutyric acid attenuates hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress and glucose/lipid metabolic disturbance in mice with type 2 diabetes”; Scientific Reports; vol. 6 21924; February 24, 2016; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4764829/
  10. Kitase, Yukiko et al; “β-aminoisobutyric Acid, l-BAIBA, Is a Muscle-Derived Osteocyte Survival Factor”; Cell Reports; vol. 22,6 (2018): 1531-1544; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5832359/
  11. Roberto, Mike; “BAIBA: New Weight Loss Ingredient Generates Exercise in a Pill?!”; The PricePlow Blog; Published May 19, 2015; https://blog.priceplow.com/supplement-research/baiba
  12. Solem, Eivind, et al; “The absolute configuration of β-aminoisobutyric acid in human serum and urine”; Clinica Chimica Acta; Volume 50, Issue 3, Pages 393-403; February 15, 1974, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0009898174901594
  13. Vemula, Harika et al; “Gaussian and linear deconvolution of LC-MS/MS chromatograms of the eight aminobutyric acid isomers”; Analytical Biochemistry; vol. 516: 75-85; 2017; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5137252/
  14. Rowe, R Grant, and George Q Daley; “Stem cells: Valine starvation leads to a hungry niche”; Nature; vol. 541, 7636: 166-167; 2017; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5377926/
  15. van Gennip, AH, et al; “Linear relationship between the R- and S-enantiomers of a beta-aminoisobutyric acid in human urine”; Clinica Chimica Acta; 116(3):261-7; November 11, 1981; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6945923/
  16. Mo C., Wang Z., Bian L., Isaacson J., Recker R., Lappe J., Bonewald L., Brotto M; “A Direct LC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Quantification of Isomeric Aminobutyric Acids in Biological Fluids and Its Application in Bone-Muscle Studies”; Proceedings of the 2018 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research; Montréal, QC, Canada; 28 September–1 October 2018; p. 213; [ scholar.google.com]
  17. Pollitt, R, et al; “Excessive excretion of beta-alanine and of 3-hydroxypropionic, R- and S-3-aminoisobutyric, R- and S-3-hydroxyisobutyric and S-2-(hydroxymethyl)butyric acids probably due to a defect in the metabolism of the corresponding malonic semialdehydes”; Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease; 8(2):75-9; 1985; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3939535/
  18. Roe, C, et al; “Methylmalonic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency: psychomotor delay and methylmalonic aciduria without metabolic decompensation”; Molecular Genetics and Metabolism; 65(1):35-43; September 1998; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9787093/
  19. Note, Reine et al; “Mitochondrial and metabolic effects of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in mice receiving one of five single- and three dual-NRTI treatments”; Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy; vol. 47,11: 3384-92; 2013; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC253807/
  20. Knowler, William C et al; “Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin”; The New England Journal of Medicine; vol. 346,6: 393-403; 2002; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1370926/
  21. D’Isabella NT, et al; “Effects of exercise on cardiovascular risk factors following stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis”; Clinical Rehabilitation; 31(12):1561-1572; December 2017 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28523989
  22. Schroeder, Elizabeth C et al; “Comparative effectiveness of aerobic, resistance, and combined training on cardiovascular disease risk factors: A randomized controlled trial”; PloS One; vol. 14,1 e0210292; January 7, 2019; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6322789/
  23. MacDonald, Hayley V et al; “Dynamic Resistance Training as Stand-Alone Antihypertensive Lifestyle Therapy: A Meta-Analysis”; Journal of the American Heart Association; vol. 5,10 e003231; September 28, 2016; ; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5121472/
  24. Archer, Edward, et al; “Cell-Specific “Competition for Calories” Drives Asymmetric Nutrient-Energy Partitioning, Obesity, and Metabolic Diseases in Human and Non-human Animals”; Frontiers in Physiology; August 10, 2018; https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2018.01053/full
  25. Dhurandhar, E J et al; “Predicting adult weight change in the real world: a systematic review and meta-analysis accounting for compensatory changes in energy intake or expenditure”; International Journal of Obesity; vol. 39, 8 1181-7; 2015; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4516704/
  26. Donnelly, JE et al; “American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults”; Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise; 41(2):459-71; February 2009; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19127177
  27. Washburn, Richard A et al; “Does the method of weight loss effect long-term changes in weight, body composition or chronic disease risk factors in overweight or obese adults? A systematic review”; PloS One vol. 9,10 e109849; October 15, 2014; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4198137/
  28. Donnelly, Joseph E et al; “Aerobic exercise alone results in clinically significant weight loss for men and women: midwest exercise trial 2”; Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) vol. 21,3; E219-28; 2013; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630467/
  29. Oh, K, et al; “Metabolic Adaptation in Obesity and Type II Diabetes: Myokines, Adipokines and Hepatokines”; International Journal of Molecular Science; 18(1), 8; 2017; https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/1/8
  30. Handschin, Christoph, and Bruce M Spiegelman; “The role of exercise and PGC1alpha in inflammation and chronic disease”; Nature; vol. 454,7203 (2008): 463-9; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/18650917/
  31. Sandri, Marco et al; “PGC-1alpha protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription”; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; vol. 103,44: 16260-5; 2006; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/17053067/
  32. Lira, Vitor A et al; “PGC-1alpha regulation by exercise training and its influences on muscle function and insulin sensitivity”; American Journal of Physiology; Endocrinology and Metabolism; vol. 299,2: E145-61; 2010; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2928513/
  33. Jung, T, et al; “BAIBA attenuates insulin resistance and inflammation induced by palmitate or a high fat diet via an AMPK-PPARδ-dependent pathway in mice”; Diabetologia; 58(9):2096-105; September 2015; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26105792/
  34. Wenz, Tina et al; “Activation of the PPAR/PGC-1alpha pathway prevents a bioenergetic deficit and effectively improves a mitochondrial myopathy phenotype”; Cell Metabolism; vol. 8,3: 249-56; 2008; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2613643/
  35. Liang, H and Ward, W; “PGC-1α: A Key Regulator of Energy Metabolism”; Advances in Physiology Education; Vol. 30, No. 4; December 1, 2006; https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/advan.00052.2006
  36. Barberá, MJ, et al; “Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α Activates Transcription of the Brown Fat Uncoupling Protein-1 Gene”; Journal of Biological Chemistry; 276, 1486-1493; October 24, 2000; https://www.jbc.org/content/276/2/1486.long
  37. Kammoun, H; “Come on BAIBA Light My Fire”; Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute; 2014; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550413113005020
  38. Desvergne, B, et al; “Transcriptional Regulation of Metabolism”; Physiological Reviews; Vol. 86, No. 2; April 1, 2006; https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physrev.00025.2005
  39. Harms, Matthew and Seale, Patrick; “Brown and beige fat: development, function and therapeutic potential”; Nature Medicine; Volume 19, pp1252–1263; 2013; https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.3361
  40. Pan, H, et al; “Advances in understanding the interrelations between leptin resistance and obesity”; Physiology & Behavior; 130:157-69; May 10, 2014; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24726399
  41. Bloomfield, SA; “Disuse osteopenia”; Current Osteoporosis Reports; 8(2):91-7; June 2010; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20425616
  42. Wang, H, et al; “β-Aminoisobutyric acid ameliorates the renal fibrosis in mouse obstructed kidneys via inhibition of renal fibroblast activation and fibrosis”; Journal of Pharmacological Sciences; Volume 133, Issue 4; Pages 203-213; April 2017; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1347861317300038
  43. Vedic Lifesciences; “Acute Oral (Gavage) Toxicity of L-3-Aminoisobutyric Acid in Female Sprague Dawley Rats”; December 27, 2019; https://blog.priceplow.com/wp-content/uploads/mitoburn-l-baiba-ld50.pdf
  44. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health; “Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994; Public Law 103-417; 103rd Congress”; Approved October 25, 1994; https://ods.od.nih.gov/About/DSHEA_Wording.aspx
  45. FooDB; “Showing Compound (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate (FDB030157)”; Updated 2019-11-27; https://foodb.ca/compounds/FDB030157
  46. Asen, Sam, et al; “Isolation of β-Aminoisobutyric Acid from Bulbs of Iris tingitana var. Wedgewood”; Journal of Biological Chemistry; 234, 343-346; February 1, 1959; https://www.jbc.org/content/234/2/343.long

Comments and Discussion (Powered by the PricePlow Forum)