Bodybuilding.com Elite Thermo + BCAA: Burn Fat and Recover

Bodybuilding.com has long been a trusted resource for fitness enthusiasts, providing expert advice on training and programming.

Bodybuilding.com Elite Thermo + BCAA

With their new Elite Series supplements, the company officially merges the same level of expertise and precision to their formulations. We recently covered the their Elite Ultimate Pre-Workouts, which showcase the company’s commitment to delivering high-quality products that meet the needs of serious athletes and fitness enthusiasts.

Today, we have an interesting twist on a popular category:

ELITE Thermo + BCAA

Bodybuilding.com’s Elite Thermo + BCAA is a supplement combining aspects of muscle recovery, energy production, thermogenesis all in the same product – ideal for anyone who’s on a cut and wants to avoid feeling overtrained and run down.

A thermogenic intra-workout with MitoBurn

It includes MitoBurn from NNB Nutrition, which is the hot hand in metabolic-boosting ingredients lately, whose science is covered below. Combining it with some grains of paradise, and we have the incredible one-two “WAT to BAT” stack that we’ve been talking about all year, helping to convert white adipose tissue to the more metabolically-active brown adipose tissue.

Let’s get into how it works, but first, check the PricePlow news and deals:

Bodybuilding.com ELITE Thermo + BCAA – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

Get Price Alerts

No spam, no scams.

Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

This area is reserved for Team PricePlow's upcoming videos.

Subscribe to our channel and sign up for notifications so you catch it when it goes live!

Subscribe to PricePlow on YouTube!

Ingredients

In a single 1-scoop (9.7 gram) serving of Elite Thermo + BCAA from Bodybuilding.com, you get the following:

  • Micronized BCAA 2:1:1 – 5,000 mg

    Bodybuilding.com Elite Thermo + BCAA Ingredients

    The 2:1:1 ratio in this ingredient name refers to the ratio of leucine, isoleucine, and valine, the three branched-chain amino acids, which are famed for their anabolic and anti-catabolic effects.

    Although all three are anti-catabolic[1-3] and can improve athletic endurance,[4-6] leucine is the best at stimulating the body’s anabolic response.[7-9] Leucine does this by activating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR),[10-12] which is your body’s anabolic master switch.

    Our leucine requirement increases as we age, making BCAA supplementation increasingly important as time goes on.[13]

  • Carnipure (L-Carnitine Tartrate) – 1,500 mg

    Bodybuilding.com Elite Thermo + BCAA

    Carnitine increases the body’s rate of fat burning by helping move fatty acid molecules into your cells’ mitochondria, the organelles that actually turn fat into energy.[14] Research shows that increased carnitine intake is correlated with fat loss[15,16] and increases insulin sensitivity.[17]

    Athletes have higher requirements for carnitine than non-athletes, since intense exercise depletes the body of carnitine,[18] so it makes perfect sense for the compound to show up in this formula. Athletes who supplement with carnitine show lower levels of soreness after exercise, increased oxygen uptake and power output, better circulation, and faster recovery.[19]

    The tartrate form of L-Carnitine in Bodybuilding.com ELITE Thermo + BCAA has been shown to improve androgen receptor function,[20,21] which can amplify the effects of testosterone in your body.

  • MitoBurn (L-Baiba) – 250 mg

    MitoBurn is a trademarked L-β-Aminoisobutyric Acid (L-BAIBA) developed by NNB Nutrition.

    L-BAIBA is a myokine, a category of peptide molecules that are synthesized by human muscles during exercise and have signaling effects in the rest of the body, similar to hormones. BAIBA’s role is to instruct cells on how to adapt to the metabolic stress of exercise.

    NNB Nutrition MitoBurn

    MitoBurn from NNB Nutrition has been tested out to be a pure form of BAIBA on the market!

    The way it works is that when you start exercising, your body converts the BCAA valine into BAIBA.[14] Once produced, BAIBA is secreted into your bloodstream and circulates through your entire body, alerting your cells that your body is being subjected to physical stress. In response, your cells initiate a series of metabolic adaptations that help mitigate and counteract the potentially damaging effects of exercise.

    For example, BAIBA causes the body to burn more fat than usual, and also triggers certain protective mechanisms in bone tissue.[15]

    You can probably see where this is going. In theory, BAIBA sounds like exercise in a pill, which has arguably been the holy grail of supplement and medical science, almost since the beginning. So, is it?

    Amazingly, the answer from preliminary research appears to be yes.

    • MitoBurn’s fat-burning mechanism: WAT-to-BAT conversion

      For example, BAIBA supplementation can also boost the conversion of white adipose tissue (WAT) to brown adipose tissue (BAT). This is desirable because BAT can increase the body’s metabolic rate through a process called non-shivering thermogenesis[19] – and WAT-to-BAT conversion is one of the many metabolic benefits typically associated with exercise.[22]

      WAT to BAT: Using NNB Nutrition's MitoBurn and CaloriBurn to Boost Thermogenic Brown Adipose Tissue

      WAT to BAT: How to Boost Thermogenic Brown Adipose Tissue with Diet, Exercise, and Supplements like NNB Nutrition’s MitoBurn and CaloriBurn GP (and others)

      To understand why it’s better to have more BAT than WAT, we should talk a little bit about the different roles these two types of adipose tissue play in your body. WAT is your body’s long-term emergency energy storage organ, and is only burned for fuel when your body has no other source of calories available[23] – e.g., famine conditions.

      While it’s technically also stored body fat, BAT doesn’t really exist as a metabolic fuel reserve – it does burn energy, but in a process called non-shivering thermogenesis (NST). The point of NST is not to power critical metabolic functions, but rather, to maintain your body’s core temperature in the face of cold temperatures.[23]

      Thus, increased NST via increased BAT leads to a higher total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), defined as the total number of calories your body burns in a day. A higher TDEE from NST can lead to faster weight loss (assuming, of course, that you either maintain or decrease your daily caloric intake as well).[24,25]

      Another amazing benefit is that because BAT takes up glucose and fatty acids for fuel, having more BAT can directly lower blood glucose and triglycerides.[26]

    • The metabolic machinery behind NST

      So what exactly makes BAT different from WAT? The answer lies in their very names. BAT looks brown under a microscope because it’s chock full of mitochondria, which block most of the light from passing through the slide. WAT, because it’s comparatively devoid of mitochondria, appears white or translucent.

      In other words, BAT’s mitochondrial density is much higher than WAT’s.[27] When your body converts WAT to BAT, what’s really happening is new mitochondria are growing inside your WAT.

      Your BAT’s mitochondria express a protein called uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which basically short circuits the electron transport chain (ETC) your mitochondria use to generate energy through electrical potential gradients. Just like shorting an electrical circuit causes it to arc and radiate heat, UCP1 does the same in your mitochondria.[28,29]

      Adiponectin Effects

      Adiponectin can activate AMPK and PPARα in the liver and skeletal muscle.[30] We recently explored PPARα in our articles on BAIBA and MitoBurn.

      That’s the reality the term uncoupling in UCP1’s name is supposed to describe – it decouples your body’s metabolic activity from physical inputs like exercise. This makes it a potentially powerful tool for increasing your TDEE.

      The mechanisms behind BAIBA’s conversion of WAT to BAT are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC-1) alpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha upregulation.[19,31]

    • BAIBA research

      Now that we’ve dispensed with the theory behind BAIBA’s efficacy, let’s see what real-world studies on BAIBA supplementation have found.

      So far, BAIBA has been shown to:

      MitoBurn PricePlow

      MitoBurn (L-BAIBA) has flipped the fat burner niche on its head by supplying more of this exercise-based signaling molecule to dieters

      • Accelerate fat burning[14,16,19,21,32]
      • Increase ketone synthesis[17]
      • Convert WAT into BAT[19,21]
      • Increase insulin sensitivity and lower blood glucose[14,20,32]
      • Decrease systemic inflammation[21]
      • Improve cholesterol and triglycerides[14,32]
      • Increase bone density[18]
      • Support kidney function[33]
    • Why MitoBurn is special

      Given the list of powerful benefits, it’s no surprise that many attempts have been made to synthesize an orally bioavailable BAIBA supplement. Unfortunately, it has proven difficult – among other things, only the L-isomer of BAIBA (L-BAIBA, as opposed to D-BAIBA and R-BAIBA) has any effect on human metabolism.[14,16]

      That’s where MitoBurn comes in – it’s a standardized, stabilized formulation of pure L-BAIBA.

      We wrote a feature article about this – read BAIBA: Weight Loss Ingredient Generates Exercise in a Pill?! to learn more.

  • Natural Caffeine (from Camellia sinensis) – 150 mg

    Caffeine is one of those ingredients that hardly needs an introduction. This methylxanthine stimulant, capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, can have profound effects on human cognition and metabolic function.

    Caffeine Energy Expenditure

    Caffeine increases energy expenditure by roughly an extra 0.15 calories per minute. Not huge, but we’ll take it! But what happens when the dose gets absurd?

    Although it’s not the biggest deal, and we’re not aware of any research testing the difference between natural and synthetic caffeine, we do like seeing the natural stuff used because anecdotally, many consumers report a smoother, steadier, more sustained boost of energy compared to the synthetic versions.

    Besides fighting fatigue by inhibiting the action of adenosine,[34,35] caffeine can also improve cellular metabolic function by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, an enzyme responsible for breaking down cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).[34,35] This naturally raises cAMP levels, and more cAMP means cells burn more lipids and carbohydrates for energy,[36] leading to increased daily caloric burn.

    By this mechanism, caffeine helps drive thermogenesis — the burning of calories as heat. Upregulating thermogenesis via caffeine consumption seems to help drive fat loss[37,38] and a 2019 meta-analysis of 13 randomized studies concluded that caffeine consumption is associated with a mean reduction in weight, body mass index, and fat mass.[39]

  • Raw Coconut Water – 150 mg

    Bodybuilding.com Elite Ultimate PRE-Workouts

    Need a potent pre-workout to try? Bodybuilding.com has a new lineup of Elite Ultimate PRE-Workouts, one with stims and the other stim-free, and the stim-free base is just what we’ve been looking for with Peak ATP and Nitrosigine!

    We lose electrolytes in sweat during exercise, and replenishing them can be tricky, especially when dieting. Decreased caloric intake naturally means decreased electrolyte intake as well. Unless, that is, we take conscious steps to up our electrolytes. That’s where zero-calorie ingredients like coconut water come in.

    Coconut water is naturally rich in electrolytes,[40] and research even shows that it is just as good at improving hydration as purpose-built commercial hydration drinks.[41]

    The consequences of not keeping electrolytes topped off can be pretty bad. Since muscles need electrolytes to conduct electrical impulses, getting too low on electrolytes can lead to issues like cardiac arrhythmia[42] or, in extreme cases, a heart attack.[43]

    Note: Low-carb dieters need to be particularly aware of electrolyte requirements, as reducing carb intake actually increases your body’s need for water and electrolytes.[44]

  • Grains of Paradise (Aframomum Melegueta) – 40 mg

    Grains of paradise is a pepper plant native to west Africa.

    It naturally contains high amounts of a spicy flavor constituent called 6-paradol, which is great since 6-paradol can positively affect body composition. The basic mechanism of action is related to the WAT/BAT interplay we discussed in the MitoBurn section – whereas MitoBurn helps convert WAT to BAT, grains of paradise helps stimulate NST in existing BAT.[45,46]

    Grains of Paradise Visceral Fat

    Grains of paradise supplementation has been shown to significantly reduce visceral fat levels.

    So far there have been two key studies showcasing the fat-burning potential of grains of paradise.

    In one placebo-controlled study, researchers measured total energy expenditure (i.e. calories burned in a given period of time) in 19 healthy men aged 20 to 32 who took 40 grams of grains of paradise extract after the subjects had taken 40 milligrams of grains of paradise extract. The study authors found that compared to the placebo group, the grains of paradise group burned significantly more calories in response to a slightly cold temperature,[45] which indicates increased BAT activity.

    Another study in women aged 20 to 22 found similar results[46] – and, moreover, that grains of paradise supplementation can decrease visceral fat in the body,[47] a particularly harmful type of fat that’s closely linked to insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and diabetes.[47] Just to give you an idea of how damaging visceral fat can be, one study found that surgically removing visceral fat in rats completely prevented age-related metabolic decline.[48]

    Synergy with MitoBurn

    The big news here is that it’s synergistic with MitoBurn! As mentioned above, MitoBurn helps with the browning of fat, while grains of paradise boosts it.

    You can read more in our article titled Grains of Paradise: Fat Fighting Spice of the Goddesses and see how this synergizes with MitoBurn in our article, WAT to BAT: A High-Metabolism Guide to Brown and White Fat.

Conclusion

MitoBurn

NNB Nutrition has finally brought us a trusted and tested form of L-BAIBA, which we call an “exercise signal” that kickstarts incredible metabolic processes! It’s known as MitoBurn and it helps kick-start the ‘exercise program’!

Not much else to say about Bodybuilding.com’s ELITE Thermo + BCAA, and in this case, that’s a good thing. These ingredients simply work. BCAAs are one of the most cost-effective anti-catabolic support ingredients on the market, and we love seeing NNB’s heavy-hitter fat burner MitoBurn get some love in intra-workout applications — especially paired next to grains of paradise for that “WAT to BAT” assist.

Another thing we like about this product is the moderate dose of caffeine used —150 milligrams is enough to be effective, but not too much to cause issues. Many like this with a stim-free pre-workout (like Bodybuilding.com Elite’s) or a lighter-stim pre-workout to keep the energy and thermogenesis at a high level.

Bodybuilding.com ELITE Thermo + BCAA – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

Get Price Alerts

No spam, no scams.

Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

About the Author: PricePlow Staff

PricePlow Staff

PricePlow is a team of supplement industry veterans that include medical students, competitive strength athletes, and scientific researchers who all became involved with dieting and supplements out of personal need.

The team's collective experiences and research target athletic performance and body composition goals, relying on low-toxicity meat-based diets.

No Comments | Posted in | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

References

  1. Freund, H et al. “Infusion of the branched chain amino acids in postoperative patients. Anticatabolic properties.” Annals of surgery vol. 190,1 (1979): 18-23. doi:10.1097/00000658-197907000-00004; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1344449/
  2. Wolfe, RR; “Branched-chain amino acids and muscle protein synthesis in humans: myth or reality?”; J Int Soc Sports Nutr; 14(1):30; 2017; https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12970-017-0184-9
  3. Kobayashi H, Kato H, Hirabayashi Y, Murakami H, Suzuki H; “Modulations of muscle protein metabolism by branched-chain amino acids in normal and muscle-atrophying rats”; J Nutr. 2006;136; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16365089
  4. Ea, Newsholme, and Blomstrand E. “Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Central Fatigue.” The Journal of Nutrition, 1 Jan. 2006; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16365097/
  5. E, Blomstrand, et al. “Administration of Branched-Chain Amino Acids during Sustained Exercise–Effects on Performance and on Plasma Concentration of Some Amino Acids.” European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 1991; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1748109/
  6. Ab, Gualano, et al. “Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation Enhances Exercise Capacity and Lipid Oxidation during Endurance Exercise after Muscle Glycogen Depletion.” The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 1 Mar. 2011; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21297567/
  7. Anthony JC, Anthony TG, Kimball SR, Jefferson LS. Signaling pathways involved in translational control of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle by leucine. J Nutr. 2001 Mar;131(3):856S-860S. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.3.856S. PMID: 11238774. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11238774/
  8. Ham DJ, Caldow MK, Lynch GS, Koopman R. Leucine as a treatment for muscle wasting: a critical review. Clin Nutr. 2014 Dec;33(6):937-45. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.09.016. PMID: 25444557. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25444557/
  9. Mero A. Leucine supplementation and intensive training. Sports Med. 1999 Jun;27(6):347-58. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199927060-00001. PMID: 10418071. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10418071/
  10. Lynch, Christopher J., et al. “Leucine Is a Direct-Acting Nutrient Signal That Regulates Protein Synthesis in Adipose Tissue.” American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 283, no. 3, Sept. 2002, pp. E503–E513, 10.1152/ajpendo.00084.2002; https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpendo.00084.2002
  11. Lynch, Christopher J., et al. “Tissue-Specific Effects of Chronic Dietary Leucine and Norleucine Supplementation on Protein Synthesis in Rats.” American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 283, no. 4, 1 Oct. 2002, pp. E824–E835, 10.1152/ajpendo.00085.2002; https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpendo.00085.2002
  12. Lynch, C. J., et al. “Regulation of Amino Acid-Sensitive TOR Signaling by Leucine Analogues in Adipocytes.” Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 77, no. 2, 1 Mar. 2000, pp. 234–251; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10723090/
  13. Katsanos CS, Kobayashi H, Sheffield-Moore M, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR. A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Aug;291(2):E381-7. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2005. Epub 2006 Feb 28. PMID: 16507602. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16507602/
  14. Tanianskii, Dmitrii A et al; “Beta-Aminoisobutyric Acid as a Novel Regulator of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism”; Nutrients; vol. 11,3 524; February 28, 2019; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6470580/
  15. Schnyder, Svenia, Handschin, Christoph; “Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: PGC-1α, myokines and exercise”; Bone; Volume 80, Pages 115-125; November 2015; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S8756328215000459
  16. Maisonneuve, C, et al; “Effects of zidovudine, stavudine and beta-aminoisobutyric acid on lipid homeostasis in mice: possible role in human fat wasting”; Antiviral Therapy; 9(5):801-10; October 2004; https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ad85/0e69e7a66f59bd0491fbf2b39da15f6eb2cf.pdf
  17. Note, Reine et al; “Mitochondrial and metabolic effects of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in mice receiving one of five single- and three dual-NRTI treatments”; Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy; vol. 47,11: 3384-92; 2013; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC253807/
  18. Kitase, Yukiko et al; “β-aminoisobutyric Acid, l-BAIBA, Is a Muscle-Derived Osteocyte Survival Factor”; Cell Reports; vol. 22,6 (2018): 1531-1544; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5832359/
  19. Roberts, L, et al; “b-Aminoisobutyric Acid Induces Browning of White Fat and Hepatic b-Oxidation and Is Inversely Correlated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors”; Cell Metabolism; Volume 19, Issue 1, pp 96-108; 2014; https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(13)00497-X
  20. Kammoun, HL and Febbraio, MA; “Come on BAIBA Light My Fire;” Cell Metabolism; 2014;19(1), pp 1-2; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550413113005020
  21. Jung, Tae Woo, et al; “BAIBA attenuates insulin resistance and inflammation induced by palmitate or a high fat diet via an AMPK–PPARδ-dependent pathway in mice”; Diabetologia; September 2015, Volume 58, Issue 9, pp 2096–2105; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-015-3663-z
  22. Aldiss, Peter et al. “Exercise-induced ‘browning’ of adipose tissues.” Metabolism: clinical and experimental vol. 81 (2018): 63-70. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.009 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893183/
  23. Rosenwald M, Wolfrum C; “The origin and definition of brite versus white and classical brown adipocytes”; Adipocyte; 2014;3(1):4-9; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3917931/
  24. Palmer, B F, and D J Clegg. “Non-shivering thermogenesis as a mechanism to facilitate sustainable weight loss.” Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity vol. 18,8 (2017): 819-831. doi:10.1111/obr.12563 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28547916/
  25. Horvath, Carla, and Christian Wolfrum. “Feeding brown fat: dietary phytochemicals targeting non-shivering thermogenesis to control body weight.” The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society vol. 79,3 (2020): 338-356. doi:10.1017/S0029665120006928 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7663322/
  26. Kim SH, Plutzky J; “Brown Fat and Browning for the Treatment of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders”; Diabetes & Metabolism Journal. 2016;40(1):12-21; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4768046/
  27. “Brown Adipose Tissue – an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics.”; ScienceDirect; https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/brown-adipose-tissue
  28. Porter, Craig. “Quantification of UCP1 function in human brown adipose tissue.” Adipocyte vol. 6,2 (2017): 167-174. doi:10.1080/21623945.2017.1319535 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5477712/
  29. ‌Kozak, L P, and R Anunciado-Koza. “UCP1: its involvement and utility in obesity.” International journal of obesity (2005) vol. 32 Suppl 7,Suppl 7 (2008): S32-8. doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.236; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2746324/
  30. Kadowaki, Takashi, and Toshimasa Yamauchi; “Adiponectin and Adiponectin Receptors.”; Endocrine Reviews; U.S. National Library of Medicine; May 2005; https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/26/3/439/2355263
  31. Bostrom, P., et al. (2012). A PGC1-a-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature, 481: 463-482; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22237023
  32. Begriche, Karima, et al. “β-Aminoisobutyric Acid Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice with Partial Leptin Deficiency.” Obesity, vol. 16, no. 9, Sept. 2008, pp. 2053–2067, 10.1038/oby.2008.337; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1038/oby.2008.337
  33. Wang, H, et al; “β-Aminoisobutyric acid ameliorates the renal fibrosis in mouse obstructed kidneys via inhibition of renal fibroblast activation and fibrosis”; Journal of Pharmacological Sciences; Volume 133, Issue 4; Pages 203-213; April 2017; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1347861317300038
  34. Nehlig A, Daval JL, Debry G.; “Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects”; Brain Res Rev. 1992;17(2):139-170. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1356551/
  35. Goldstein, E.R., Ziegenfuss, T., Kalman, D. et al.; “International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance.”; J Int Soc Sports Nutr 7, 5 (2010); https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1550-2783-7-5
  36. Diepvens, K et al; “Obesity and thermogenesis related to the consumption of caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea;” American Journal of Physiology; 2007; https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00832.2005
  37. Yoshida, T., et al. “Relationship between Basal Metabolic Rate, Thermogenic Response to Caffeine, and Body Weight Loss Following Combined Low Calorie and Exercise Treatment in Obese Women.” International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, vol. 18, no. 5, 1 May 1994, pp. 345–350; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8061728/
  38. Icken, D, et al. “Caffeine Intake Is Related to Successful Weight Loss Maintenance.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 70, no. 4, 11 Nov. 2015, pp. 532–534, doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.183; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26554757/
  39. Tabrizi, Reza, et al. “The Effects of Caffeine Intake on Weight Loss: A Systematic Review and Dos-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, vol. 59, no. 16, 2019, pp. 2688–2696; 10.1080/10408398.2018.1507996; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335479/
  40. Ismail, I., et al. 2007. “Rehydration with Sodium-Enriched Coconut Water After Exercise-Induced Dehydration.” The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health vol. 38,4 (2007): 769-85; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17883020/
  41. Saat, Mohamed, et al; “Rehydration after Exercise with Fresh Young Coconut Water, Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Beverage and Plain Water.”; Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science; U.S. National Library of Medicine; Mar. 2002; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12056182
  42. Mayo Clinic. “Heart Arrhythmia – Symptoms and Causes.” Mayo Clinic, 2017, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-arrhythmia/symptoms-causes/syc-20350668.
  43. Shrimanker I, Bhattarai S. Electrolytes. 2021 Jul 26. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan–. PMID: 31082167. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541123/
  44. Rabast U, Vornberger KH, Ehl M. Loss of weight, sodium and water in obese persons consuming a high- or low-carbohydrate diet. Ann Nutr Metab. 1981;25(6):341-9. doi: 10.1159/000176515; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7332312/
  45. Sugita, Jun et al. “Grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta) extract activates brown adipose tissue and increases whole-body energy expenditure in men.” The British journal of nutrition vol. 110,4 (2013): 733-8. doi:10.1017/S0007114512005715 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/grains-of-paradise-aframomum-melegueta-extract-activates-brown-adipose-tissue-and-increases-wholebody-energy-expenditure-in-men/517F8F0D73864C919E42D502537BA01D
  46. Sugita J, Yoneshiro T, et al; “Daily ingestion of grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta) extract increases whole-body energy expenditure and decreases visceral fat in humans”; Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology; 2014, 60(1): 22-27; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24759256/
  47. Jung, Suk Hwa et al. “Visceral Fat Mass Has Stronger Associations with Diabetes and Prediabetes than Other Anthropometric Obesity Indicators among Korean Adults.” Yonsei medical journal vol. 57,3 (2016): 674-80. doi:10.3349/ymj.2016.57.3.674 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4800358/
  48. ‌Gabriely, I., et al. “Removal of Visceral Fat Prevents Insulin Resistance and Glucose Intolerance of Aging: An Adipokine-Mediated Process?” Diabetes, vol. 51, no. 10, 1 Oct. 2002, pp. 2951–2958, 10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2951; https://diabetesjournals.org/diabetes/article/51/10/2951/25266/Removal-of-Visceral-Fat-Prevents-Insulin

Comments and Discussion (Powered by the PricePlow Forum)