Morphogen AlphaGen: High-Energy Pre-Workout with 10g Tyrosine!

Posted on February 19, 2023 by PricePlow Staff | No Comments

Morphogen has long been one of PricePlow’s favorite supplement brands — Ben Hartman and his team serious about supplement science and formulation – and it shows.

Morphogen Alphagen

Morphogen is staking out a claim for themselves as meticulous supplement engineers, which can be seen clearly with their AlphaGen pre-workout formula.

We’ve had Ben (Morphogen’s CEO and founder) on the PricePlow podcast twice – first to talk about his company’s pursuit of excellence in supplement formulation, which we can all agree is what should matter most in this industry.

Morphogen wants to be the whole package, so Ben came back to discuss Morphogen’s product packaging and design.

You can see why they’re a rising star in the industry – they go all out to cover all their bases.

Introducing Morphogen AlphaGen – The Alpha Of Pre-Workouts

Today we’re talking about AlphaGen, Morphogen’s pre-workout supplement, and this one is a monster.

Morphogen demonstrates their commitment to science right up top with an enormous 10-gram dose of tyrosine. That’s downright incredible.

But honestly, AlphaGen just gets even better from there. Their ingredient choices are absolutely rock-solid, and nothing is underdosed — as is expected from the brand at this point.

Let’s get into the details of how AlphaGen’s ingredients fit together, from top to bottom. But first, check the PricePlow news and deals:

Morphogen Nutrition AlphaGEN – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

Get Price Alerts

No spam, no scams.

Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

AlphaGen Ingredients

In a single 1-scoop (22.5 gram) serving of AlphaGen from Morphogen, you get the following:

  • L-Tyrosine (HPLC) – 10,000 mg

    Morphogen AlphaGen Ingredients

    Morphogen kicks off the AlphaGen formula with a bold move – a whopping 10-gram dose of tyrosine.

    Tyrosine is a staple pre-workout ingredient, and we write about it all the time. But we almost never see it dosed at more than 2 or 3 grams per serving, and we certainly haven’t ever seen 10 whole grams of it.

    The dose deserves special discussion, so we’ll get into that, but first, some background:

    L-tyrosine is a great pre-workout ingredient for three reasons. The first is that it can support your thyroid gland, the second is that it helps the body produce neurotransmitters, and finally, during sleep deprivation, it can help restore cognitive performance to baseline.

    1. Neurotransmitter (catecholamine) synthesis

      Tyrosine is a necessary precursor for synthesizing dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline — [1-3] three catecholamine neurotransmitters that play a crucial role in focus, motivation, and energy.

      Tyrosine Derivatives

      It’s easy to see why we like tyrosine so much – its derivatives bring the intensity and focus! Image courtesy Wikimedia

      These catecholamines are needed to initiate and regulate various aspects of the stress response, which is crucial for peak performance in the gym.

      Adrenaline and noradrenaline are also great for body composition, as both can decrease appetite and increase the body’s rate of fat oxidation (burning).[4]

    2. Sleep deprivation

      Militaries around the world have studied tyrosine extensively for its anti-stress and wakefulness-promoting effects. According to one study carried out by the United States military, tyrosine is actually better than caffeine at increasing alertness in sleep-deprived persons.[5,6]

    3. Thyroid

      Your thyroid is arguably the master gland of the metabolism – proper thyroid function is indispensable for athletic and cognitive performance, fat loss, and muscle building.

      It produces two hormones that are active in tissues all over the body – triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). In order to produce these hormones, the gland needs an adequate supply of tyrosine.[7,8]

      Thyroxine

      Long story short: No iodine or tyrosine, no thyroid hormone synthesis. Get enough iodine and tyrosine in!!

      Thyroid support is a special concern for the pre-workout target market. Gym goers typically work out hard, and they periodically restrict calories to improve body composition. As it turns out, both of these behaviors can significantly downregulate thyroid function by raising cortisol.[9-11]

      The harder you work out and the more you restrict calories, the more you increase the risk of developing thyroid problems.

      So, under these conditions, a little supplemental tyrosine can help.

    The dose – 10,000 mg!

    We discuss the benefits of tyrosine supplementation pretty regularly, but again, what’s special here is the dose.

    High-Dose Tyrosine Environmental Stress

    High-dose tyrosine (100 mg/kg) can greatly reduce environmental stress in humans when exposed to cold.[12]

    There several studies on high-dose tyrosine that we don’t usually get to cite, because most supplement brands simply don’t use doses in this range. So let’s take a look at what the high-dose tyrosine literature has to say about what you can expect from Morphogen AlphaGen.

    • Cold and altitude tolerance

      In one randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study from 1989, 23 military men between the ages of 18-20 were exposed to cold and simulated altitude during 4.5 hour sessions. The tyrosine group, who got a 100 mg/kg dose of tyrosine, showed huge improvements over the placebo group in every respect. They were less tired, had less severe headaches, felt less cold, had less muscular discomfort, and felt less emotional distress.[12]

      They also did significantly better on cognitive tests – memory performance in particular. In fact, tyrosine reversed memory deficits usually caused by cold exposure.[12]

      Although the doses used in this study varied by body weight, they were, on average, similar to the dose used in Morphogen AlphaGen – a 100 mg/kg dose works out to about 8,000 milligrams of tyrosine for 180 pound man.

    • Blood pressure reduction during stress

      In another randomized controlled study, this one from 1994, researchers used the same tyrosine dose – 100 mg/kg – in a population of 16 healthy young male and female subjects between the ages of 23 and 35.[13]

      The study volunteers were exposed to environmental stress in the form of a 90 decibel track of industrial noise – a stimulus known to increase diastolic blood pressure (5-12%), mean arterial pressure (3-7%) and total peripheral resistance (11-13%) in healthy young subjects.[13]

      This form of stress is also known to cause disorientation and performance reductions on cognitive tests.[13]

      The researchers found that subjects who got tyrosine fared much better overall than those in the placebo group – 5-10% better on various cognitive tasks, and had much lower blood pressure.[13]

      Average diastolic blood pressure in the placebo group was about 76 mmHg; in the tyrosine group it was only 72.[13]

    So what does it mean?

    The fight-or-flight response is mediated by noradrenergic neurons,[12,14] and high-dose tyrosine appears to modulate it. For example, in both studies we cited, the authors observed a decrease in stress-induced vasoconstriction.

    This can be a good or a bad thing, depending on your goals. For the average gym-goer, high-dose tyrosine can help tolerate high doses of ergogenic stimulants, enabling better athletic performance without going overboard on unwanted effects. Caffeine, for example, is a notorious peripheral vasoconstrictor, but we think the tyrosine in Morphogen AlphaGen can significantly attenuate this effect.

    Morphogen Alpha Gen

    Using high-dose tyrosine is still uncharted waters for the supplement industry, so we’re very curious to hear the consumer feedback on this one. But since no serious adverse effects were noted in the studies we reviewed,[12,13] we’re very optimistic about the future of this tyrosine use case!

  • L-Citrulline DL-Malate (2:1) (HPLC) – 8,000 mg

    Citrulline malate is citrulline bound to malic acid. Both of these molecules have their own benefits, but the headliner here is citrulline – and citrulline malate yields about 56% pure citrulline by weight. So we have approximately 4.5 grams of citrulline here.

    Benefits of citrulline

    Citrulline is a great nitric oxide (NO) boosting ingredient,[7] and is currently the industry’s standard choice for this purpose thanks to its low cost, high efficacy, and excellent safety profile.

    As a conditionally essential amino acid, citrulline is produced by the body, but only in limited quantities. Meaning supplementation with extra exogenous citrulline can yield benefits you wouldn’t see from normal endogenous citrulline synthesis.

    Arginine Citrulline Cycle

    The Arginine Citrulline Cycle. Image courtesy Wikimedia commons (red edits are ours)

    Citrulline is an important participant in both the NO cycle and the urea cycle. It’s converted into arginine and then into NO by the enzyme argininosuccinate.[15]

    One interesting thing to note about citrulline is that it actually isn’t the most direct precursor to NO – that would be arginine, into which citrulline gets converted by the enzyme argininosuccinate.

    Arginine is then converted into NO.

    Before citrulline, arginine was the industry’s standard NO booster. But, as it turns out, the oral bioavailability of arginine is pretty bad, making citrulline supplementation a more effective strategy for boosting NO.[16,17]

    NO upregulation improves athletic performance

    As most readers probably already know, upregulating NO, i.e. through citrulline supplementation, can trigger a mechanism called vasodilation, in which your arteries expand in diameter. Bigger arteries means that blood flows more easily throughout the body, an effect called decreased cardiovascular resistance.

    As a result, your heart doesn’t have to work as hard, leading to drops in blood pressure and heart rate.[18-20] This process has obvious benefits for most people, but there’s another reason NO boosters show up in pre-workouts, and that is increased athletic performance.

    Improved circulation means that the body can deliver oxygen and nutrients to muscle cells more efficiently, and remove cellular waste more efficiently. Aerobic efficiency can also be improved.

    Citrulline Arginine Ornithine Nitric Oxide Ammonia

    Citrulline’s participation in the nitric oxide cycle and the urea cycle. The enzyme argininosuccinate converts citrulline to arginine, and arginine stimulates the production of nitric oxide[15]

    It can also lead to muscle swelling as blood and water are permitted to enter muscle tissue more easily – an effect most bodybuilders are familiar with. It’s known as the pump.

    These two things – decreased cardiovascular resistance, and improved metabolic efficiency – are the basic mechanisms underlying the following benefits of citrulline supplementation:

    • Increased oxygen utilization and power output[21]
    • Increased athletic endurance[22]
    • Reduced muscle soreness after exercise[22]
    • Growth hormone upregulation in response to exercise[23]
    • Reduced muscle catabolism[24]
    • Increased muscle protein synthesis[25,26]

    Citrulline, ornithine and ammonia

    There’s one more reason why citrulline is an excellent choice of NO-boosting ingredient: itsimpact on your body’s ability to detoxify ammonia.

    Morphogen Adaptogen ZING Ginger Chai Latte

    Morphogen is out with a new ZING flavor of Adaptogen: Ginger Chai Latte. It’s perfect for a hot cup of coffee!

    The effects of ammonia resemble those of lactic acid (lactate) – it’s a metabolic waste product that creates physical and mental fatigue as it builds up in neural and muscular tissues.[27,28] Improving your body’s ability to remove ammonia is yet another strategy for increasing athletic and mental endurance.

    Citrulline does exactly that, by increasing your body’s levels of ornithine, the amino acid responsible for driving ammonia detox.[29,30]

    Refer to the diagram above – you can see that arginine gets converted into ornithine as part of the urea cycle.[15]

    Ornithine and hormones

    Ornithine has also been shown to decrease the body’s production of cortisol, thus improving cortisol-to-DHEA ratio that’s often used as one measure of overall hormonal health. This can lead to improvements in feelings of stress and fatigue, but more importantly, it seems to improve sleep quality.[30]

    What about the malate?

    Malic acid (malate) has benefits of its own. It’s required for the Krebs cycle, which is a crucial part of your body’s cellular energy production.[31]

    Citrulline malate can also improve aerobic efficiency, making more energy available for your tough workouts.[32]

  • Velvet Bean extract (Mucuna pruriens) (seed) (std. min. 98% L-DOPA) – 750 mg

    Velvet Bean Flower

    Velvet bean extract boosts production of dopamine, giving you a “feel good sensation” and will help with sleep at night.

    Mucuna pruriens, also known as velvet bean, is chock full of powerful antioxidants and a known dopamine booster.[33] Extracts of Mucuna are typically standardized for L-DOPA,[34] which is the direct precursor to dopamine.[35]

    Dopamine is the neurotransmitter most centrally implicated in focus, motivation, and reward, making it an excellent target for pre-workout formulas.

    Besides upregulating dopamine, L-DOPA (also known as levodopa) is a powerful anti-stress compound that has been shown to significantly reduce cortisol production.[36-38] This makes it a great candidate for stacking with stimulants like caffeine (also an ingredient in Morphogen AlphaGen), as it can help take the edge off of your stimulant buzz.

    Cortisol reduction is usually a good thing for gym goers, since too much cortisol can reduce testosterone levels[39,40] and potentially interfere with muscle growth.

    When it comes to muscle growth, Mucuna and L-DOPA have been shown to upregulate the body’s production of growth hormone (GH),[41-43] which is another anabolic hormone.

    L-DOPA can also help control prolactin levels,[44] which is usually a good thing for a pre-workout formula since prolactin tends to be elevated after exercise.[45]

  • AlphaGPC (Alpha-Glyceryl Phosphoryl Choline) – 600 mg

    AlphaGPC is a form of choline, the B vitamin most important for helping the body build and maintain the phospholipid bilayer membranes that enclose the contents of all the body’s cells.[46] It’s also required for many of the intercellular signaling functions that those membranes carry out.[47] Choline is required for the synthesis of acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter that facilitates learning and memory.[48] We often call acetylcholine “the learning neurotransmitter” because of how crucial it is for these processes.

    Supplemental choline can upregulate acetylcholine, leading to improved cognitive performance.[49,50]

    Finally, choline is an important methyl donor during the process of methionine metabolism – this is crucial in light of the fact that excess methionine buildup is linked to cardiovascular disease.[51]

    We like alphaGPC because, unlike other forms of choline, it readily crosses the blood-brain barrier[52] and is more bioavailable.

  • Advantra Z Bitter Orange Extract (Citrus aurantium) (fruit) (Std. min. 10% synephrine) – 500 mg

    Bitter orange extract is standardized for an alkaloid called synephrine, which is a great fat burning and performance boosting ingredient.

    Morphogen Nutrition Intra Workout Stack

    Morphogen Nutrition’s Intra Workout Stack brings a total of 3 grams of taurine and tons of other amino acids and electrolytes

    Research has shown that taking synephrine can increase the body’s daily caloric expenditure by as much as 183 calories,[53] which is definitely nothing to sneeze at for a low-effort calorie burn. A 183 calorie deficit translates into about 1.5 pounds of fat loss per month.

    One study found that the combination of synephrine and caffeine (a combination we have in Morphogen AlphaGen) increased college-aged men’s weightlifting volume by 10% in a single session.[54] Synephrine alone also caused an increase.

    Synephrine works because it’s a beta agonist,[55] the same mechanism of action behind the infamous stimulant ephedrine. Don’t worry though – synephrine is much less intense than ephedrine,[55] with little to no effect on heart rate or blood pressure.[56]

  • Caffeine (as Caffeine Anhydrous USP) – 400 mg

    Caffeine is the most widely used legal stimulant in the world. An overwhelming majority of American adults consume caffeine in some form on a daily basis, mostly because of the substance’s ability to ward off fatigue, which helps us get through jam-packed days without missing a step.

    Ben Hartman #2 - PricePlow Podcast #063

    Ben Hartman returns to talk about Morphogen Nutrition’s rebrand, some new formulas, and more on his backstory. Watch it in Episode #063 of the PricePlow Podcast!

    One thing that makes caffeine stand out is its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. This is something most nutritional supplements can’t do, and it’s what gives caffeine such a powerful ability to influence the workings of the central nervous system.[57]

    Similarly to its fellow methylxanthine and close cousin theobromine, which is also present in Morphogen AlphaGen, caffeine blocks the action of adenosine, a nucleotide that builds up in the brain during wakefulness, progressively worsening mental fatigue.[58]

    Fatigue is often a big issue for anyone trying to lose weight, since caloric restriction can put a big dent in energy levels. That’s one reason why dieters often drink liberal amounts of tea or coffee.i It’s also one reason why we like to see caffeine in fat-burning supplements.

    Caffeine burns fat and calories – cAMP and cellular metabolism

    But caffeine can help you burn fat more directly too, by upregulating cellular energy production. This translates into increased daily calorie burn.

    The mechanism of action is inhibition of phosphodiesterase, the enzyme responsible for breaking down the hormone-like messenger molecule, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).

    Since cAMP signals cells to burn more glucose and fatty acids for energy, raising cAMP levels through phosphodiesterase inhibition ultimately means a faster metabolism – more calories burned in a day.[59-61]

    Upregulating cAMP through caffeine use is particularly good at speeding up the body’s rate of fat burning. Animal studies on caffeine have found that supplementation can increase it by as much as 50%.[62]

    Caffeine improves exercise performance – additional calorie burn

    Creatine Adaptogen Stack

    For a beneficial brain boost, stack Morphogen’s Adaptogen with Creatine.

    Of course, burning more fat at rest is a great way to accelerate fat loss – assuming you hold your calorie intake constant, and don’t eat more to cover any deficit.

    Most of us know that exercise is a great way to burn more calories. And, as it turns out, caffeine can help us do that too.

    Due to how it ramps up cellular metabolism, caffeine can improve multiple dimensions of physical performance, including strength, speed, and endurance.[63]

    Cognitive and mental benefits

    Caffeine can also increase attentiveness, alertness, reaction times, and working memory.[64-66]

    Although it might seem counterintuitive, mental and cognitive benefits are a welcome addition to fat-burning supplements. Plenty of research actually indicates that caloric restriction does not significantly impair cognition,[67] or, perhaps, it may improve it.[68] But, anecdotally, a lot of people report feeling low on mental energy when they reduce food intake. Caffeine can potentially help compensate for that.

  • N-Phenethyl Dimethylamine Citrate (Eria Jarensis extract) (whole plant) – 300 mg

    N-phenethyl dimethylamine is a more potent version of a molecule called phenethylamine (PEA).

    If you aren’t familiar with PEA, just know that it’s an alkaloid widely considered one of the most powerful stimulants on the nutritional-supplement market.

    Eria Jarensis Extract

    Eria Jarensis Extract is a natural source of N-phenethyldimethylamine – it’s a great energy booster and mood elevator!

    Taking PEA triggers a massive release of catecholamine neurotransmitters like dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline, which can improve mood and give you more energy.[69]

    Sounds great, right? Well, there’s one big issue with PEA’s usefulness as a supplement: its short half-life. Once in your bloodstream, PEA is broken down very fast by an enzyme called monoamine oxidase (MAO). even a huge dose of PEA will only give you about 5 minutes of effect.[70,71]

    This is why N-phenethyl dimethylamine is now being used as a replacement for PEA. It contains two alkyl groups that buffer it against MAO, meaning it has a much longer effect than ordinary PEA.[72]

    If you want to learn more about N-phenethyl dimethylamine, read our long-form article, Eria Jarensis Extract / N-phenethyl dimethylamine: The Next Big Thing?

    Please note that 300 milligrams of N-phenethyl dimethylamine is a big dose. If you aren’t sure how you’ll react, ask your doctor, and consider starting with a partial dose of Morphogen AlphaGen.

  • Theobromine (from Cocoa extract) (Theobroma cacao L.) (seed) (std. min. 99%) – 200 mg

    Theobromine belongs to the methylxanthine class, which also includes caffeine.

    It has stimulant, bronchodilatory, and vasodilatory effects.[73]

    Morphogen HydraGen

    HydraGen delivers ultimate hydration with the help of a powerful electrolyte blend with plenty of sodium for athletes who sweat

    Like caffeine, theobromine is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, which, again, has the effect of increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels[74] and increasing the rate of caloric expenditure by upregulating mitochondrial function and increasing cellular energy production.[75,76]

    So what’s the difference between caffeine and theobromine? In a nutshell, caffeine is primarily a central nervous system stimulant, while theobromine is much more focused on relaxing smooth muscle.[77]

    Smooth muscle lines the inside of blood vessels, so theobromine can actually reduce blood pressure, whereas caffeine is known for increasing it.[78]

    In fact, stacking theobromine with caffeine can actually negate caffeine’s effect on blood pressure,[78] which makes this a smart ingredient combination. With both of these methylxanthines in the same formula, you’re getting the upside of caffeine with less downside.

    Theobromine can also benefit cardiovascular health by optimizing nitric oxide production and function.[79]

  • L-Theanine (HPLC) – 100 mg

    L-Theanine Tea

    L-Theanine comes from tea leaves, and pairs very well with caffeine offset any potential anxiety.

    Theanine is an amino acid that occurs naturally in Camellia sinensis, the plant from which we get white, green, oolong, and black teas.

    In the human brain, theanine acts like a neurotransmitter[80] and has relaxing, anti-anxiety effects related to its inhibitory effect on neurotransmission.[81-83]

    What makes theanine such an awesome supplement is that it does all of this without causing sedation, providing the best of both worlds.

    Theanine is also ultra safe and dirt cheap. This combination of efficacy, safety, and inexpensiveness has made theanine a mainstay nootropic ingredient since the biohacking craze of the early 2010s.

    Caffeine + theanine: match made in heaven

    It was back in the good old days when people looking for a competitive edge discovered theanine’s ability to synergize with caffeine (another ingredient in Morphogen AlphaGen).

    The combination of theanine and caffeine has positive effects on mood and cognition that outperform the effects of either ingredient alone.[84]

    In a landmark 2008 study, researchers who tested the effects of caffeine, theanine, and the combination of both discovered that the combination was better than either ingredient alone at improving mental accuracy, reducing feelings of fatigue, speeding up reaction times, and increasing numerical working memory. The combination was also better at improving the ability to judge written texts, and at increasing alertness.[84]

    L-Theanine Attention

    L-Theanine increases attention and reduces reaction time — especially in stressed individuals![85]

    Speaking more anecdotally and subjectively, veteran biohackers can tell you that theanine really takes the edge off caffeine, providing a calm, focused feeling without the dirty, jittery anxiety that usually comes with caffeine use.

    Theanine is also great for improving sleep quality and reducing resting heart rate.[86]

    One of the big mechanisms behind all of these effects is theanine’s ability to upregulate GABA,[87] a calming neurotransmitter that exerts inhibitory effects on neurotransmission.

  • Huperzine A (from Huperzia serrata extract) (leaf and stem) (std. min. 1% Huperzine A) – 300 mcg

    Just like alphaGPC can boost acetylcholine levels by increasing production, huperzine A can boost acetylcholine by slowing the rate at which it’s broken down.

    It does this by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is responsible for degrading acetylcholine.[88]

    Because of their complementary effects on acetylcholine levels, we often see huperzine A and alphaGPC stacked together, as in Morphogen AlphaGen.

    However, huperzine A is actually a powerful enough acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that can independently have a significant effect on acetylcholine levels.[89]

    Again, we want more acetylcholine, the learning neurotransmitter, because of its ability to facilitate inter-neuronal communication and long-term potentiation (LTP).

    But huperzine A is also a powerful antioxidant, and can protect neuronal mitochondria from oxidative stress damage.[90]

Flavors Available

Morphogen AlphaGen

Morphogens AlphaGen comes in several awesome flavors. Check them out here:

    Conclusion

    Morphogen AlphaGen is the real deal – one of the most powerful formulas we’ve seen in a long time. The 10 gram dose of tyrosine is innovative, and putting it up top lets you know right away that Morphogen isn’t screwing around with this pre-workout.

    At first glance, it may seem stim-heavy, but don’t get scared off by that. We think using theanine and theobromine, thanks to their anxiolytic, vasodilatory and antihypertensive effects, can go a long way toward smoothing out the experience for most users.

    Still though, 400 milligrams of caffeine and 300 milligrams of N-phenethyl dimethylamine are nothing to sneeze at. If you have any doubts about whether you can handle these ingredients, discuss your concerns with your doctor. Also, consider assessing your tolerance by starting with a partial scoop before graduating to a full dose.

    Morphogen Nutrition AlphaGEN – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

    Get Price Alerts

    No spam, no scams.

    Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

    Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

    Morphogen AlphaGen Label

    About the Author: PricePlow Staff

    PricePlow Staff

    Led by founder Mike Roberto, PricePlow is a team of industry veterans that include medical students, bodybuilders, a powerlifter, medical researchers, and a legal expert who became involved with dieting and supplements out of personal need.

    The team's collective experiences and research target both athletic performance and weight loss goals, often using high-fat / low-carb, carnivore, and occasional ketogenic diet strategies.

    No Comments | Posted in | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

    References

    1. Mishra, Akanksha, et al. “Physiological and Functional Basis of Dopamine Receptors and Their Role in Neurogenesis: Possible Implication for Parkinson’s Disease.” Journal of Experimental Neuroscience, vol. 12, Jan. 2018, p. 117906951877982, 10.1177/1179069518779829. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5985548/
    2. Rajeev Dalal, and Dejan Grujic. “Epinephrine.” Nih.gov, StatPearls Publishing, 2 Apr. 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482160/
    3. Smith, Matthew D, and Christopher V Maani. “Norepinephrine.” Nih.gov, StatPearls Publishing, 23 July 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537259/
    4. Ans, Armghan H, et al. “Neurohormonal Regulation of Appetite and Its Relationship with Stress: A Mini Literature Review.” Cureus, 23 July 2018, 10.7759/cureus.3032. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6150743/
    5. Attipoe, Selasi, et al. “Tyrosine for Mitigating Stress and Enhancing Performance in Healthy Adult Humans, a Rapid Evidence Assessment of the Literature.” Military Medicine, vol. 180, no. 7, July 2015, pp. 754–765, 10.7205/milmed-d-14-00594; https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/180/7/754/4160625
    6. Pomeroy, Diane E., et al. “A Systematic Review of the Effect of Dietary Supplements on Cognitive Performance in Healthy Young Adults and Military Personnel.” Nutrients, vol. 12, no. 2, 20 Feb. 2020, p. 545, 10.3390/nu12020545; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071459/
    7. Mullur, Rashmi et al. “Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism.” Physiological reviews vol. 94,2 (2014): 355-82. doi:10.1152/physrev.00030.2013; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4044302/
    8. Rousset, Bernard. “Chapter 2 Thyroid Hormone Synthesis And Secretion.” Endotext. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2 Sept. 2015; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285550/
    9. Rousset, Bernard, et al. “Chapter 2 Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Secretion.” Nih.gov, MDText.com, Inc., 2 Sept. 2015. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285550/
    10. Mullur, Rashmi, et al. “Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Metabolism.” Physiological Reviews, vol. 94, no. 2, Apr. 2014, pp. 355–382, 10.1152/physrev.00030.2013. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4044302/
    11. Wadden TA, Mason G, Foster GD, Stunkard AJ, Prange AJ. Effects of a very low calorie diet on weight, thyroid hormones and mood. Int J Obes. 1990 Mar;14(3):249-58; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2341229/
    12. Banderet, Louis E., and Harris R. Lieberman. “Treatment with Tyrosine, a Neurotransmitter Precursor, Reduces Environmental Stress in Humans.” Brain Research Bulletin, vol. 22, no. 4, Apr. 1989, pp. 759–762, doi:10.1016/0361-9230(89)90096-8; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0361923089900968
    13. Deijen, J.B, and J.F Orlebeke. “Effect of Tyrosine on Cognitive Function and Blood Pressure under Stress.” Brain Research Bulletin, vol. 33, no. 3, Jan. 1994, pp. 319–323, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0361923094902003
    14. Glavin, Gary B. “Stress and Brain Noradrenaline: A Review.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol. 9, no. 2, 1985, pp. 233–243, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/014976348590048X
    15. Rashid, Jahidur, et al. “Therapeutic Potential of Citrulline as an Arginine Supplement: A Clinical Pharmacology Review.” Pediatric Drugs, vol. 22, no. 3, 6 Mar. 2020, pp. 279–293, 10.1007/s40272-020-00384-5. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40272-020-00384-5
    16. Ochiai, Masayuki, et al; “Short-Term Effects of L-Citrulline Supplementation on Arterial Stiffness in Middle-Aged Men.”; International Journal of Cardiology; U.S. National Library of Medicine; 8 Mar. 2012; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067832
    17. Agarwal, Umang et al; “Supplemental Citrulline Is More Efficient Than Arginine in Increasing Systemic Arginine Availability in Mice.”; The Journal of nutrition; vol. 147,4; 2017; 596-602; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5368575/
    18. Orozco-Gutiérrez JJ, Castillo-Martínez L, Orea-Tejeda A, Vázquez-Díaz O, Valdespino-Trejo A, Narváez-David R, Keirns-Davis C, Carrasco-Ortiz O, Navarro-Navarro A, Sánchez-Santillán R. Effect of L-arginine or L-citrulline oral supplementation on blood pressure and right ventricular function in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction. Cardiol J. 2010;17(6):612-8; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21154265/
    19. Wong A, Alvarez-Alvarado S, Jaime SJ, Kinsey AW, Spicer MT, Madzima TA, Figueroa A. Combined whole-body vibration training and l-citrulline supplementation improves pressure wave reflection in obese postmenopausal women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Mar;41(3):292-7. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0465; https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/apnm-2015-0465
    20. Alsop P, Hauton D. Oral nitrate and citrulline decrease blood pressure and increase vascular conductance in young adults: a potential therapy for heart failure. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016 Sep;116(9):1651-61. doi: 10.1007/s00421-016-3418-7; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4983290/
    21. Bailey, Stephen J, et al; “l-Citrulline Supplementation Improves O2 Uptake Kinetics and High-Intensity Exercise Performance in Humans.”; Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985); U.S. National Library of Medicine; 15 Aug. 2015; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26023227
    22. Pérez-Guisado, Joaquín, and Philip M Jakeman; “Citrulline Malate Enhances Athletic Anaerobic Performance and Relieves Muscle Soreness.”; Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research; U.S. National Library of Medicine; May 2010; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20386132
    23. Sureda A, Córdova A, Ferrer MD, Pérez G, Tur JA, Pons A. L-citrulline-malate influence over branched chain amino acid utilization during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010 Sep;110(2):341-51. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1509-4; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-010-1509-4
    24. Breuillard C, Cynober L, Moinard C. Citrulline and nitrogen homeostasis: an overview. Amino Acids. 2015 Apr;47(4):685-91. doi: 10.1007/s00726-015-1932-2; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00726-015-1932-2
    25. Jourdan M, Nair KS, Carter RE, Schimke J, Ford GC, Marc J, Aussel C, Cynober L. Citrulline stimulates muscle protein synthesis in the post-absorptive state in healthy people fed a low-protein diet – A pilot study. Clin Nutr. 2015 Jun;34(3):449-56. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.04.019; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4309748/
    26. Bahri S, Zerrouk N, Aussel C, Moinard C, Crenn P, Curis E, Chaumeil JC, Cynober L, Sfar S. Citrulline: from metabolism to therapeutic use. Nutrition. 2013 Mar;29(3):479-84. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.07.002; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0899900712002584?via%3Dihub
    27. Mutch, B J, and E W Banister. “Ammonia metabolism in exercise and fatigue: a review.” Medicine and science in sports and exercise vol. 15,1 (1983): 41-50. https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Abstract/1983/15010/Ammonia_metabolism_in_exercise_and_fatigue__a.9.aspx
    28. Wilkinson, Daniel J et al. “Ammonia metabolism, the brain and fatigue; revisiting the link.” Progress in neurobiology vol. 91,3 (2010): 200-19. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.01.012 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301008210000237?via%3Dihub
    29. Agarwal, Umang, et al. “Supplemental Citrulline Is More Efficient than Arginine in Increasing Systemic Arginine Availability in Mice123.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 147, no. 4, 1 Apr. 2017, pp. 596–602; 10.3945/jn.116.240382; https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/147/4/596/4584706
    30. Miyake, Mika, et al. “Randomised Controlled Trial of the Effects of L-Ornithine on Stress Markers and Sleep Quality in Healthy Workers.” Nutrition Journal, vol. 13, no. 1, 3 June 2014, 10.1186/1475-2891-13-53; https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-13-53
    31. “Malic Acid: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and Warning.” WebMD; https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1495/malic-acid
    32. Bendahan, D. “Citrulline/Malate Promotes Aerobic Energy Production in Human Exercising Muscle.” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 36, no. 4, 1 Aug. 2002, pp. 282–289, 10.1136/bjsm.36.4.282; https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/36/4/282
    33. Agbafor, K. N., and N. Nwachukwu. “Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Property of Leaf Extracts of Vitex Doniana and Mucuna Pruriens.” Biochemistry Research International, vol. 2011, 2011, 10.1155/2011/459839. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3085303/
    34. Misra, Laxminarain, and Hildebert Wagner. “Extraction of Bioactive Principles from Mucuna Pruriens Seeds.” Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics, vol. 44, no. 1, 1 Feb. 2007, pp. 56–60. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17385342/
    35. Gandhi, Kavita R, and Abdolreza Saadabadi. “Levodopa (L-Dopa).” Nih.gov, StatPearls Publishing, 27 Oct. 2018; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482140/
    36. Boden, G., et al. “Influence of Levodopa on Serum Levels of Anterior Pituitary Hormones in Man.” Neuroendocrinology, vol. 10, no. 5, 1972, pp. 309–315, 10.1159/000122100; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4350777/
    37. Müller, T., et al. “Acute Levodopa Administration Reduces Cortisol Release in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease.” Journal of Neural Transmission, vol. 114, no. 3, 24 Aug. 2006, pp. 347–350, 10.1007/s00702-006-0552-0; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16932991/
    38. Shukla, Kamla Kant, et al. “Mucuna PruriensReduces Stress and Improves the Quality of Semen in Infertile Men.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 7, no. 1, 2010, pp. 137–144, 10.1093/ecam/nem171; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC2816389/
    39. Negro-Vilar, A. “Stress and Other Environmental Factors Affecting Fertility in Men and Women: Overview.” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 101, no. suppl 2, July 1993, pp. 59–64, 10.1289/ehp.93101s259; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC1519933/
    40. Axelrod, J, and T. Reisine. “Stress Hormones: Their Interaction and Regulation.” Science, vol. 224, no. 4648, 4 May 1984, pp. 452–459, 10.1126/science.6143403; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6143403/
    41. “Stimulation of Growth Hormone Secretion by Levodopa-Propranolol in Children and Adolescents.” Pediatrics, vol. 56, no. 2, 1 Aug. 1975, pp. 262–266; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/169508/
    42. Chihara, K., et al. “L-Dopa Stimulates Release of Hypothalamic Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone in Humans.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 62, no. 3, 1 Mar. 1986, pp. 466–473, 10.1210/jcem-62-3-466; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3080462/
    43. Galea-Debono, A., et al. “Plasma DOPA Levels and Growth Hormone Response to Levodopa in Parkinsomism.” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, vol. 40, no. 2, 1 Feb. 1977, p. 162, 10.1136/jnnp.40.2.162; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC492632/
    44. Shukla, Kamla Kant, et al. “Mucuna Pruriens Improves Male Fertility by Its Action on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis.” Fertility and Sterility, vol. 92, no. 6, 1 Dec. 2009, pp. 1934–1940, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.045; https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(08)03935-6/fulltext
    45. Rojas Vega, S et al. “Influences of exercise and training on the circulating concentration of prolactin in humans.” Journal of neuroendocrinology vol. 24,3 (2012): 395-402. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02266.x https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02266.x
    46. Sanders LM, Zeisel SH; “Choline: Dietary Requirements and Role in Brain Development;” Nutrition today; 2007;42(4):181-186; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2518394/
    47. Sanders, Lisa M, and Steven H Zeisel. “Choline: Dietary Requirements and Role in Brain Development.” Nutrition today vol. 42,4 (2007): 181-186. doi:10.1097/01.NT.0000286155.55343.fa https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2518394/
    48. Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al.; “Neuroscience;” 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2001. Acetylcholine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11143/
    49. Hasselmo ME; “The role of acetylcholine in learning and memory;”Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2006;16(6):710–715; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2659740/
    50. Jones BE; “From waking to sleeping: neuronal and chemical substrates”. Trends Pharmacol. Sci.; 2005; 26 (11): 578–86; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16183137
    51. Guieu, Régis et al. “Hyperhomocysteinemia and cardiovascular diseases.” Annales de biologie clinique vol. 80,1 (2022): 7-14. doi:10.1684/abc.2021.1694 https://www.jle.com/fr/revues/abc/e-docs/hyperhomocysteinemia_and_cardiovascular_diseases_321902/article.phtml
    52. Marcus L, et al; “Evaluation of the effects of two doses of alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine on physical and psychomotor performance;” J Int Soc Sports Nutr; 2017;14:39; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5629791/
    53. “Effects of P-Synephrine Alone and in Combination with Selected Bioflavonoids on Resting Metabolism, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Self-Reported Mood Changes.”; https://www.medsci.org/v08p0295.htm
    54. Ratamess, Nicholas A et al. “The effects of supplementation with P-Synephrine alone and in combination with caffeine on resistance exercise performance.” Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition vol. 12 35. 17 Sep. 2015, doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0096-5; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC4573476/
    55. Preuss HG, DiFerdinando D, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. Citrus aurantium as a thermogenic, weight-reduction replacement for ephedra: an overview. J Med. 2002;33(1-4):247-64. PMID: 12939122; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12939122/
    56. Stohs, Sidney J et al. “A review of the receptor-binding properties of p-synephrine as related to its pharmacological effects.” Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity vol. 2011 (2011): 482973. doi:10.1155/2011/482973; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3166186/
    57. Cappelletti, Simone et al. “Caffeine: cognitive and physical performance enhancer or psychoactive drug?.” Current neuropharmacology vol. 13,1 (2015): 71-88. doi:10.2174/1570159X13666141210215655; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC4462044/
    58. Goldstein, E.R., Ziegenfuss, T., Kalman, D. et al.; “International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance”; J Int Soc Sports Nutr 7, 5 (2010); https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1550-2783-7-5
    59. Nehlig A, Daval JL, Debry G.; “Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects”; Brain Res Rev. 1992;17(2):139-170; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1356551/
    60. Goldstein, E.R., Ziegenfuss, T., Kalman, D. et al.; “International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance.”; J Int Soc Sports Nutr 7, 5 (2010); https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1550-2783-7-5
    61. Diepvens, K et al; “Obesity and thermogenesis related to the consumption of caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea;” American Journal of Physiology; 2007; https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00832.2005
    62. Norager, C B, et al; “Metabolic Effects of Caffeine Ingestion and Physical Work in 75-Year Old Citizens. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-over Study.”; Clinical Endocrinology; U.S. National Library of Medicine; Aug. 2006; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16886964
    63. Burke LM. Caffeine and sports performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2008 Dec;33(6):1319-34. doi: 10.1139/H08-130; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19088794/
    64. Kahathuduwa CN, Dassanayake TL, Amarakoon AMT, Weerasinghe VS. Acute effects of theanine, caffeine and theanine-caffeine combination on attention. Nutr Neurosci. 2017 Jul;20(6):369-377. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2016.1144845; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26869148/
    65. McLellan TM, Caldwell JA, Lieberman HR. A review of caffeine’s effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016 Dec;71:294-312. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27612937/
    66. Klaassen EB, de Groot RH, Evers EA, Snel J, Veerman EC, Ligtenberg AJ, Jolles J, Veltman DJ. The effect of caffeine on working memory load-related brain activation in middle-aged males. Neuropharmacology. 2013 Jan;64:160-7. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.026; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22728314/
    67. Martin, Corby K et al. “Examination of cognitive function during six months of calorie restriction: results of a randomized controlled trial.” Rejuvenation research vol. 10,2 (2007): 179-90. doi:10.1089/rej.2006.0502 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2664681/
    68. Dias, Isabella Rocha et al. “Does calorie restriction improve cognition?.” IBRO reports vol. 9 37-45. 1 Jun. 2020, doi:10.1016/j.ibror.2020.05.001 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7733132/
    69. Mesfioui A, Math F, Jmari K, El Hessni A, Choulli MK, Davrainville JL. Effects of amphetamine and phenylethylamine on catecholamine release in the glomerular layer of the rat olfactory bulb. Biol Signals Recept. 1998 Jul-Aug;7(4):235-43. doi: 10.1159/000014548; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9730583/
    70. Suzuki O, Katsumata Y, Oya M. Oxidation of beta-phenylethylamine by both types of monoamine oxidase: examination of enzymes in brain and liver mitochondria of eight species. J Neurochem. 1981 Mar;36(3):1298-301. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb01734.x; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7205271/
    71. Yang HY, Neff NH. Beta-phenylethylamine: a specific substrate for type B monoamine oxidase of brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1973 Nov;187(2):365-71; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4748552/
    72. National Center for Biotechnology Information. “PubChem Compound Summary for CID 25125, N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine” PubChem, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/N_N-Dimethylphenethylamine
    73. PubChem. “Theobromine.” Nih.gov, PubChem, 2019, https://www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Theobromine
    74. Yoneda, Mitsugu et al. “Theobromine up-regulates cerebral brain-derived neurotrophic factor and facilitates motor learning in mice.” The Journal of nutritional biochemistry vol. 39 (2017): 110-116. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.10.002 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955-2863(16)30105-X
    75. Valsecchi, Federica et al. “cAMP and mitochondria.” Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) vol. 28,3 (2013): 199-209. doi:10.1152/physiol.00004.2013 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870303/
    76. ‌Aslam, Muhammad, and Yury Ladilov. “Emerging Role of cAMP/AMPK Signaling.” Cells vol. 11,2 308. 17 Jan. 2022, doi:10.3390/cells11020308 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/35053423/
    77. Coleman, William F. “Chocolate: Theobromine and Caffeine.” Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 81, no. 8, Aug. 2004, p. 1232 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed081p1232
    78. Mitchell, E S et al. “Differential contributions of theobromine and caffeine on mood, psychomotor performance and blood pressure.” Physiology & behavior vol. 104,5 (2011): 816-22. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.07.027 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938411003799?via%3Dihub
    79. ‌Barokah, Liberty, et al. “Protective Effect of Theobroma Cacao on Nitric Oxide and Endothelin-1 Level in Endothelial Cells Induced by Plasma from Preeclamptic Patients: In Silico and in Vitro Studies.” European Journal of Integrative Medicine, vol. 8, no. 1, 1 Feb. 2016, pp. 73–78; 10.1016/j.eujim.2015.11.023; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876382015300639
    80. Juneja, L. R., et al; “L-Theanine-a Unique Amino Acid of Green Tea and Its Relaxation Effect in Humans.;” Trends in Food Science & Technology; Elsevier; 17 Dec. 1999; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924224499000448
    81. Lu, Kristy, et al; “The Acute Effects OfL-Theanine in Comparison with Alprazolam on Anticipatory Anxiety in Humans.”; Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental; vol. 19; no. 7; 2004; pp. 457–465; https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:284103
    82. Haskell, C F, et al; “The Effects of L-Theanine, Caffeine and Their Combination on Cognition and Mood.”; Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports; U.S. National Library of Medicine; Feb. 2008; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18006208
    83. Lu, K; The acute effects of L-theanine in comparison with alprazolam on anticipatory anxiety in humans; Human Psychopharmacology, 19 7: 457-465; 2004; http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:284103
    84. Haskell, C F, et al; “The Effects of L-Theanine, Caffeine and Their Combination on Cognition and Mood.”; Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports; U.S. National Library of Medicine; Feb. 2008; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18006208
    85. Higashiyama, Akiko, et al. “Effects of L-Theanine on Attention and Reaction Time Response.”Journal of Functional Foods, vol. 3, no. 3, July 2011, pp. 171–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2011.03.009. Accessed 19 Feb. 2023. ‌
    86. Williams, Jackson, et al. “L-Theanine as a Functional Food Additive: Its Role in Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.” Beverages, vol. 2, no. 2, 30 May 2016, p. 13; 10.3390/beverages2020013; https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5710/2/2/13/htm
    87. Nathan PJ, Lu K, Gray M, Oliver C. The neuropharmacology of L-theanine(N-ethyl-L-glutamine): a possible neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing agent. J Herb Pharmacother. 2006;6(2):21-30; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17182482/
    88. Tang, X. C., et al. “Effect of Huperzine A, a New Cholinesterase Inhibitor, on the Central Cholinergic System of the Rat.” Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol. 24, no. 2, 1 Oct. 1989, pp. 276–285, 10.1002/jnr.490240220. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2585551/
    89. Damar, U., et al. “Huperzine a as a Neuroprotective and Antiepileptic Drug: A Review of Preclinical Research.” Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, vol. 16, no. 6, 1 June 2016, pp. 671–680, 10.1080/14737175.2016.1175303. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27086593/
    90. [vi] Gao X., Tang X.C. “Huperzine A attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction in beta-amyloid-treated PC12 cells by reducing oxygen free radicals accumulation and improving mitochondrial energy metabolism.”Journal of Neuroscience Research. 2006 May 1;83(6):1048-57; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16493671/

    Comments and Discussion (Powered by the PricePlow Forum)