Inspired Nutraceuticals DVST8 DARK Pre-Workouts Deliver the Darkness

Published on June 16, 2023 · Updated January 4, 2024 by Mike Roberto | No Comments

Inspired DVST8 DARK

You might want to make the world a better place, a safer place, a place where goodness reigns supreme, but…

As famed psychologist and cultural critic Jordan Peterson points out, a good man is not a harmless man. Rather, a good man is a dangerous man who has his dangerous side under voluntary control.

This is where DVST8 Dark comes in. This is an impressive formula from Inspired Nutraceuticals and Kayla Rossi — as rigorously designed as it is long. And every single ingredient helps you get the absolute most out of your training while you sharpen your edge.

Inspired DVST8 Dark – Hone Your Dark Side

Of course, in the words of a famous existentialist philosopher, “he who fights with monsters should take care lest he become one”. But if you don’t have a little monster in you, you’re not going to prevail. And as if it wasn’t crazy enough, there’s a new Illuminade flavor that was added later one!

Let’s see how it works, but first, check the PricePlow news and deals:

Inspired Nutraceuticals DVST8 Dark – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

Get Price Alerts

No spam, no scams.

Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

Inspired Nutra DVST8 Dark Ingredients

DVST8: The Truth Matrix

The Truth Matrix blend consists of just two ingredients: arginine and citrulline. They work synergistically to increase NO levels. In other words, when taken together arginine and citrulline have a greater effect on NO blood levels than either ingredient taken alone.

  • L-Citrulline – 6,666 mg

    Inspired DVST8 DARK Ingredients

    Citrulline is a great nitric oxide (NO) boosting ingredient.[1]

    As a conditionally essential amino acid, citrulline can be produced endogenously by your body – in limited quantities. The implication of this limit is that if something happens to increase your citrulline requirements, some type of metabolic stress like heavy exercise or illness, then your body may not be able to keep pace. In that case, supplementation is necessary to optimize citrulline levels.

    Citrulline isn’t a direct precursor, though. The conversion pathway looks like this:

    Citrulline → Arginine → NO

    Why not take arginine instead, then? The answer is that citrulline’s oral bioavailability is much higher than arginine’s.[2-4]

    Benefits of increased NO

    With more NO comes vasodilation, an effect wherein your blood vessels expand in diameter. This naturally leads to the pump that bodybuilders and powerlifters constantly chase. More NO also improves circulation by allowing the same volume of blood to flow with less resistance, thus decreasing the strain placed on your blood vessels and heart. Because of this, NO-mediated vasodilation typically comes with significant drops in both blood pressure and heart rate.[5-7]

    It also comes with benefits for performance and recovery, as improved circulation allows more efficient nutrient delivery and metabolic waste removal.

    The research literature on citrulline shows that it can:

    • Increase power by improving oxygen uptake[8]
    • Prolong athletic endurance by about 50%[9]
    • Reduce post-exercise muscle soreness[9]
    • Upregulate exercise-induced growth hormone (GH) secretion[10]
    • Inhibit protein catabolism[11]
    • Increase the anabolic response to exercise[12,13]

    Citrulline can also increase your body’s supply of ornithine,[14] an amino acid that plays a key role in clearing ammonia from your blood and tissues.[15] As ammonia buildup can cause mental and physical fatigue, the citrulline-mediated removal of ammonia through ornithine is yet another reason why citrulline optimizes performance and recovery. There’s some evidence that ornithine can also help you sleep better by improving your body’s ratio of cortisol to DHEA.[15]

  • Arginine Nitrate (as NO3-T) – 2,000 mg

    Given what we just said about the superior bioavailability of citrulline compared to arginine, you may be perplexed to see that the next ingredient is arginine nitrate.

    Citrulline Arginine Plasma Arginine

    Cit+arg dramatically outperformed either amino in isolation. With the combination of Citrulline and Arginine Nitrate here, we have a similar (and we’d argue better) but not identical situation.

    While it’s true that the independent bioavailability of citrulline is better, there are some really interesting synergistic effects between arginine and citrulline that warrant stacking these two ingredients when possible. Citrulline inhibits arginase, the enzyme responsible for prematurely breaking down pure arginine,[4,16] which allows more of the arginine you take with citrulline to be absorbed. The upshot is that these two ingredients, when taken together, have a significantly larger effect than either one alone – in both humans[17,18] and animals[1]

    So, by taking arginine nitrate with citrulline in DVST8, you’re getting the same NO-driven benefits we discussed in the previous section – just moreso.

    Benefits of nitrates

    Arginine is only half this molecule, though. We also get nitrates, which have positive effects of their own. Just like arginine and citrulline, nitrates help upregulate NO, but by different means. Nitrates upregulate NO by acting on your body’s salivary glands, which fix nitrates into the NO molecule.[19-21]

    The research on nitrate supplementation shows many of the same benefits as arginine and citrulline:

    • Better circulation[22]
    • Increased aerobic efficiency[22-26]
    • More strength[27,28]
    • Increased cellular energy production[28-30]

Endless: Endurance & VO2 Supply

For gains, you need a big training stimulus. That means you need volume, which requires endurance. The ingredients in this blend have ergogenic effects and were chosen for their ability to help you work harder, longer.

  • Beta-Alanine – 3,200 mg

    Beta Alanine Total Work Done

    Beta alanine leads to more work done,[31] which can lead to gains if you take advantage of them!

    Beta-alanine is one of the supplement industry’s longest-used ergogenic aids. It can help improve performance by combining with the amino acid L-histidine to form carnosine, a dipeptide molecule that helps remove lactic acid from muscles. Since lactic acid buildup can cause muscular fatigue,[32] upregulating carnosine via beta-alanine supplementation can improve athletic endurance.

    So why not take carnosine? Same story as with citrulline and arginine: The oral bioavailability of the carnosine molecule itself is not very good, but beta-alanine’s bioavailability is excellent. Since your body’s supply of beta-alanine is its limiting factor (i.e., the bottleneck) on carnosine production,[33,34] taking beta-alanine is a powerful way to increase your body’s production of carnosine.

    Two meta-analyses, examining over 40 peer-reviewed studies, concluded that beta-alanine is best at boosting endurance in exercises lasting anywhere from 30 seconds to 10 minutes.[35,36]

    Don’t sweat the tingles

    Many people experience tingling in their face and upper body after taking beta-alanine. If this happens to you, don’t worry because a meta-analysis on the safety of beta-alanine concluded that the tingles are harmless.[37]

  • Cocoa Bean Extract (Theobroma cacao) (std. 20% Theobromine) – 50 mg

    Cocoa bean extract is standardized for theobromine, a methylxanthine alkaloid stimulant that occurs naturally in the cocoa plant.

    Theobromine is an increasingly common ingredient in pre-workout formulas, thanks to its stimulant, vasodilatory, and bronchodilatory effects.[38] Just like citrulline and arginine, theobromine can help upregulate NO.[39] This can help improve endurance, but also, anecdotally, it helps some people feel as if breathing is easier during workouts.

    Theobromine works in a manner similar to caffeine: it inhibits phosphodiesterase, upregulates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)[40] and increases your cells’ metabolic rate.[41,42] While caffeine is a vasodilator, theobromine is much better at relaxing smooth muscle tissue, which means .[43] it can decrease blood pressure and heart rate in spite of its stimulant effects.[44] In fact, high doses of theobromine can actually cancel out caffeine’s hypertensive effect when it’s taken with caffeine.[44]

    Theobromine Effects

    Interesting: High-Dose Theobromine can dial up the “feels”.

    Another advantage of theobromine over caffeine is its longer half-life, meaning as the effects tapers off, your feeling of withdrawal will be less severe.[45]

    Note: In the Kayla Rossi KILLAID version, this has been replaced with Cocoabuterol, as the KILLAID version chases more fat burn and thermogenesis.

  • Naringin (Citrus maxima)(Fruit) – 20 mg

    While NO upregulation comes with a number of important benefits, there can be some downsides to having too much NO. Technically, NO is a free radical. That means under certain circumstances, it can contribute to oxidative stress (sometimes referred to in this context as nitrosative stress).[46] How NO gets formed — and where— is a big factor in its overall effect on health. Typically we want NO synthesized by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) as opposed to inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).[47]

    Naringin helps us get the advantages of NO upregulation while minimizing the downsides. It both scavenges NO free radicals[48] and downregulates iNOS.[49]

    Naringin has also been shown to downregulate metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9), another key antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanism. Downregulating MMP-9 may help improve athletic endurance..[50]

    Although not technically a bronchodilator, naringin also seems to help support breathing by reducing airway inflammation.[51]

Dark: Stimulated Reality Ignition (SR)

High Dose Caffeine Performance

Known since 1991, very high dose caffeine can seriously boost performance.[52] As you can see, it’s quite variable amongst users – future research would show that caffeine’s effects depend on your genotype.

Intensity is also a big factor in training stimulus. To max out your intensity, it helps to have an edge, and that’s exactly what the stimulants in this blend can give you.

  • Caffeine anhydrous – 325 mg

    Caffeine is a ubiquitous methylxanthine alkaloid with stimulant and ergogenic effects. Because it can cross the blood-brain barrier, it has powerful effects on cognition and neural metabolism.

    Caffeine’s famous ability to fight fatigue comes down to its status as an adenosine inhibitor.[53,54] Adenosine is a nucleotide and a byproduct of ATP hydrolysis that builds up in the brain during wakefulness, causing fatigue as it accumulates. By blocking adenosine’s action at the receptor level, caffeine prevents adenosine buildup from making you feel tired.

    As we alluded to earlier in regards to cocoa bean extract, caffeine can also help improve cellular metabolism by inhibiting the enzyme phosphodiesterase. This naturally raises cAMP levels,[53,54] leading to increased energy production and calorie burn.[55]

    Caffeine’s ability to upregulate cAMP also helps caffeine induce thermogenesis, a process in which your body burns calories as heat. Increasing thermogenesis through caffeine supplementation can accelerate fat loss.[56,57] A 2019 meta-analysis of 13 studies found that caffeine intake is positively associated with reduced weight, body mass index, and fat mass.[58]

  • NeuroCap (Baikal SkullCap Root Extract) (Scutellaria baicalensis) (std. 85% Baicalin)) – 150 mg

    Baicalin is the primary bioactive constituent of skullcap root. It has been identified for its antioxidant, anti-excitotoxicity, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties[59] – but also, perhaps most interestingly, its neuroprotective and nootropic effects.[59]

    In one study, where researchers used ketamine in rats to induce neural toxicity, baicalin was shown to protect neurons from injury by upregulating a number of important neurotrophic factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF),[60] which is a key driver of neurogenesis.In fact, it’s believed that BDNF is necessary for adult neurogenesis to occur in mammals.[61]

    Low BDNF is also a risk factor for mood disorders like depression,[62] and mood stabilizing drugs have been consistently found to increase BDNF.[63]

    Bottom line: baicalin is an ingredient that should help you with mood, motivation, and focus. And since exercise itself increases BDNF expression, taking an ingredient that upregulates BDNF will help compound the cognitive benefits of working out.[64]

    Note: In the Kayla Rossi KILLAID version, this has been replaced with a stimulant trifecta of halostachine, rauwolfia, and yohimbine.

  • Synapsis (Citrus aurantium Extract (Citrus aurantium L.) (Fruit) (std. to 30% Alkaloids)) – 150 mg

    Inspired Nutra DVST8 Dark Illuminade

    Later on, Inspired Nutra launched an Illuminade flavor of DVST8 Dark

    Citrus aurantium contains a special alkaloid called synephrine. This bioactive constituent is a huge metabolism booster. One study found that synephrine supplementation can increase the number of calories you’ll burn in a day by nearly 200![64]

    Synephrine can also help improve exercise performance,[65] which is yet another huge contributor to your calorie burn. Synephrine does this because it’s a beta adrenergic agonist,[66] meaning it mimics the signaling actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline. However, unlike most other beta agonists, synephrine has little to no effect on heart rate or blood pressure,[66,67] making it a no-brainer choice for a sports performance supplement.

    Besides having ergogenic effects, synephrine can also help drive weight loss by upregulating thermogenesis.[67]

  • Luciferine (as Lotus Leaf Extract) (Nelumbo nucifera) – 100 mg

    Lotus leaf has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine. Modern scientific research has identified it as having anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperuricemic effects.[68]

    Mean plasma concentration-time profiles of NF and N-NF in rats following oral administration of lotus leaf (50 mg/kg) (mean ± SD, n = 5).

    Mean plasma concentration-time profiles of NF and N-NF in rats following oral administration (50 mg/kg) (mean ± SD, n = 5).

    What makes it interesting for us, though, is the ability of its two main alkaloid bioactive constituents – nuciferine (NF) and N-nuciferine – to readily cross the blood-brain barrier.[68] Once in the brain, NF has powerful antioxidant effects on neurons, helping neural tissue withstand the challenge of intense metabolic stress (i.e., from intense exercise).[69] Related to this is NF’s ability to dampen inflammation in the brain as well.[70]

    One study in rats found that NF substantially protected neurons from damage by middle cerebral artery occlusion, also known as a stroke,[71] which is pretty much the most intense form of cerebral metabolic stress imaginable.

    A study in hamsters showed that NF can protect the liver from fatty liver disease, as well as acute chemical injury.[72] This is always a welcome benefit, given the importance of the liver for metabolic and hormonal health.

    Lotus leaf also has some natural stimulant effects.[51]

  • Infinergy DiCaffeine Malate – 100 mg

    Dicaffeine malate is a caffeine molecule bound to malic acid (malate). Compared to caffeine anhydrous, dicaffeine malate is slower-acting because of the buffering effect the chemical bond has on digestion and absorption. The practical benefit of this is a flatter energy curve. Compared to anhydrous caffeine, dicaffeine malate will raise your blood caffeine level slower, and keep it elevated longer.

    Inspired Nutraceuticals DVST8 Dark: Coming Soon...

    Combining anhydrous caffeine with dicaffeine malate is a common strategy for providing consumers with the best of both worlds. You’ll get a rapid energy boost from the caffeine anhydrous and, thanks to the dicaffeine malate, you have significantly less intense withdrawal symptoms as it wears off..

    Other than that, it’s just more caffeine and comes with all the same benefits we discussed in the caffeine section.

Endless: Hydration Refill

Work as hard as you can, but remember, you need to stay hydrated—and there’s more to hydration than just drinking water. The more you sweat, the more electrolyte minerals you’ll need to consume in order to offset what’s lost. The ingredients in the Endless: Hydration Refill blend can help you maintain optimal hydration, even as you perform challenging physical activities.

  • Sea Salt – 770 mg

    Check out the dose here – 770 milligrams of sea salt per serving is definitely a lot by industry standards. This yields 300 milligrams of sodium (13% DV), which isn’t huge, but it’s enough to concern some readers, especially given the bad rap sodium’s gotten. So, let’s talk for a minute about sodium, and why you don’t necessarily need to be worried about taking this much sodium (but if you’re not sure, talk to your doctor!).

    First, sodium is the primary electrolyte mineral we lose in sweat during exercise. We can lose about 0.9 grams of sodium per liter of sweat – the next biggest loss is potassium at a mere 0.2 grams per liter,[73] meaning we lose four times as much sodium as the next most lost mineral.[73]

    So, you can understand why sodium is useful in a pre-workout formula, depending on what kind of exercise you’re doing, the level of intensity, and how much you’ll sweat. If you expect to sweat a lot, sodium replenishment could be crucial since losing too much can impair muscle function, which,[74,75] in severe causes, can be fatal.[76]

    Inspired Nutraceuticals FSU Serum

    Inspired Nutraceuticals is bringing LIQUID GLYCEROL to the pre-workout pump market with FSU Serum, loaded with betaine nitrate and 20g glycerol and boosted by electrolytes from sodium and potassium!

    Second, the threshold at which excess mortality results from additional sodium intake is probably higher than we’ve traditionally thought. Although the current official advice is for Americans to consume less than 2,300 milligrams of sodium per day, recent research shows that for optimal health, we may actually need more.

    Ironically, not getting enough sodium can cause similar problems as getting too much. Thomas Remer writes in his article “High salt intake: detrimental not only for blood pressure, but also for bone health”:[77]

    “Current evidence from prospective cohort studies suggests a J-shaped association between sodium intake and cardiovascular events, based on studies from >300 000 people, and suggests that the lowest risk of cardiovascular events and death occurs in populations consuming an average sodium intake range (3-5 g/d). The increased risk of cardiovascular events associated with higher sodium intake (>5 g/d) is most prominent in those with hypertension.”[77]

    According to this data, the optimal range for sodium is between 3 and 5 grams daily. Note that’s 3 to 5 grams of sodium, not salt.

    According to a 2011 study that analyzed data from research involving over 28,000 subjects, subjects consuming less than 3,000 milligrams per day actually had a higher risk of hospitalization for congestive heart failure.[78] The study found that, on average, sodium intake of up to 7,000 milligrams per day did not increase subjects’ risk of cardiovascular disease.[78]

    Inspired Nutraceuticals Protein+ and ISO-PF

    They’re back — Inspired Nutraceuticals has rebirthed their Protein+ and ISO-PF proteins in some epic new flavors!

    A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials from the same year concluded that restricting salt intake actually increased the burden of mortality in heart disease patients.[79]

    Now, don’t get us wrong – we’re not recommending that you increase your dietary sodium intake without talking to your doctor first. But we are saying that 300 milligrams of sodium is not necessarily a big deal, if you evaluate it in the context of your diet and individual health needs. We say individual because some studies have shown significant individual variation in response to sodium.

    One study from 1987 found that increasing sodium intake was as likely to decrease blood pressure as it was to increase it, and that most study subjects experienced no change in blood pressure at all in response to manipulating sodium intake.[80] On the other hand, another study did find that patients who were randomly placed on a sodium-restricted diet experienced a 25% lower risk of heart attack or stroke compared to the placebo group.[81]

    The bottom line is, again, all of this depends on your specific health status. If you have questions about how much sodium you should be consuming daily, ask your doctor.

  • Potassium Citrate – 287 (2% DV)

    Potassium is often referred to as a shortfall nutrient because most of us don’t get nearly enough, especially in relation to sodium.[82] As it turns out, there’s an ideal potassium-to-sodium ratio that seems to matter more for cardiovascular health than absolute sodium intake.[83-87] Since restricting sodium to achieve this ratio is practically impossible,[88,89] that leaves adding potassium as our only way to fix it.

    Sodium Potassium Ratio

    Get that potassium up! The lower your sodium-to-potassium ratio is, the more likely you are to die. Fruits are high in potassium and will keep your numbers in check. Ratios are often more important than the numbers themselves.

    Since potassium is crucial for vasodilation,[90-92] it’s good to stack potassium with all the vasodilator ingredients we’ve seen in Inspired DVST8 Dark.

  • Magnesium Citrate – 169 mg (6% DV)

    Magnesium is required for tons of biochemical reactions your body relies on to support energy production, control blood sugar, maintain arterial health, and more.[93] Low magnesium intake can result in fatigue, anxiety, increased insulin resistance, and impaired cardiovascular function.[94,95]

    Unfortunately, the magnesium content of our food has been in decline for quite a while,[94,96-99] making supplementation a generally smart move.

  • Fructooligosaccharides 95% (FOS) – 75 mg

    Glaxon Astrolyte

    Glaxon Astrolyte bring hydrating electrolytes in style. In this article, we dig deeper into the added mineral absorption ingredient, fructooloigosaccharides.

    Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are special carbohydrates that are made up of short fructose chains. FOS can help hydration by improving mineral uptake (i.e. sodium, potassium, and magnesium).[100-103] FOS do this by decreasing the pH level in the colon, which makes minerals more soluble in water.[104,105]

    The FOS are also great prebiotic fiber, helping feed certain species of beneficial bacteria that generate short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in your gut.[106] SCFAs are great for gut health as they’re the preferred energy source for many cells in the gastrointestinal tract.

    FOS also taste sweet, so they can help improve the flavor of supplements.[107,108]

DARK: Mind/Muscle Sync Module

Although it’s been historically overlooked by industry formulators, nootropic support is increasingly common in pre-workout formulas. Nootropic ingredients can help improve neuromotor skills like balance, dexterity, and hand-eye coordination, which may in turn improve performance, depending on the specific exercises you’re performing. They can also help improve mood, focus, and motivation, which are key for staying compliant with your exercise program.

  • L-Tyrosine – 1,000 mg

    Tyrosine is an amino acid that’s great for managing stress and boosting energy.

    Tyrosine Conversion

    There’s a good reason why L-Tyrosine feels good – look at what it leads to!

    As a precursor to the catecholamine neurotransmitters, dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline,[109-111] tyrosine supplementation can help improve focus, motivation, and energy levels. Adrenaline and noradrenaline are also famed for their ability to suppress appetite,[112] meaning tyrosine might make your recomp a little easier.

    Tyrosine is also a thyroid hormone precursor[113,114] and can, thus, help optimize thyroid function. This matters because exercise is a stressor with potential anti-thyroid effects,[113,114] and is caloric restriction, a behavior that is commonly paired with intense exercise.[115]

    Great for sleep deprivation

    Tyrosine is also really good at restoring cognitive function in sleep deprived people. In fact, according to a U.S. military study, tyrosine is actually better at doing this than caffeine is![116,117]

  • CoLean (300 mg Alpha GPC 50% (L-Alpha Glycerylphosphorylcholine), 200 mg Citicoline (Cytidine 5′-diphosphocholine)) – 500 mg

    Choline

    The best form of choline? We honestly believe it’s a mix at this point!

    Choline is an essential building block for the phospholipid bilayer membranes that enclose the contents of all the body’s cells.[118] These membranes are absolutely crucial for every aspect of cellular functioning. So, keeping them healthy should be of paramount importance.

    But choline is also a direct precursor to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine,[119] which we often call the learning neurotransmitter because of how indispensable it is for learning and memory consolidation.[119]

    Choline can also help your body burn fat,[120-123] mostly by helping it retain carnitine.[124-126]

    Being deficient in choline is something you certainly want to avoid, as it can lead to muscle and organ damage, including liver fibrosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).[127]

    CoLean is a trademarked blend of choline bitartrate and citicoline, two of the more bioavailable choline forms on the market.

  • DMAE DL-Bitartrate – 500 mg

    Dimethylaminoethanol, or DMAE, is a choline-like substance that can increase choline’s effectiveness by modulating choline metabolism.

    DMAE

    DMAE (Dimethylaminoethanol) is a nootropic related to choline that may improve focus, mental clarity, and potentially memory.

    DMAE works by stimulating choline receptors,[128] meaning that choline itself is less active in binding to the receptor. This choline-sparing effect can ultimately increase the amount of choline available to your central nervous system,[129] making DMAE supplementation functionally the same as increasing your body’s actual choline levels.

    By improving your brain’s access to choline, DMAE can help stabilize mood and improve symptoms in emotional disorders.[130] In one study, researchers used an EEG to observe that DMAE supplementation helped normalize brain wave activity in human subjects.[130]

Every Last Drop: Absorption Protocol

Any serious supplement formulator should aim to maximize the value consumers get for their dollar, and that’s what bioavailability enhancers like BioPerine can do.

  • BioPerine (Piper nigrum) (Fruit)(std. to 95% piperine) – 5 mg

    BioPerine is a black pepper extract standardized for an alkaloid called piperine. Piperine is a bioavailability enhancer, meaning it helps your body absorb almost any nutritional supplement you take in combination with it.[131-134] It works by inhibiting digestive enzymes that break down nutrients before they reach the intestines for absorption into the bloodstream.[135]

    Piperine can also upregulate glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4),[136] a transporter protein involved in glucose disposal,[137] improving liver health, and fighting oxidative stress.[138]

Other Ingredients

Inspired DVST8 Dark also contains some vitamin support.

  • Vitamin C (as Ascorbic Acid) – 200 mg (222% DV)

    Vitamin C is famed for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects,[139] which can obviously help you manage a demanding training load. It’s also a key component of the adrenal glands, which naturally contains one of the highest vitamin C concentrations of any organ or gland in your entire body.[140] Your adrenal glands lose vitamin C when you’re under stress.[141] So, if you’re following a demanding training regimen, it’s a good idea to replenish it.

    Note: Vitamin C is not added to the Kayla Rossi KILLAID version.

  • Vitamin B3 (as Niacin) – 20 mg NE (125% DV)

    The essential B vitamin niacin, a class of vitamins that lead to greater NAD+ production.[142-144] This is excellent in a pre-workout because NAD+ is critical for a vast number of biochemical reactions to support energy metabolism, but also liver detoxification, DNA repair, and numerous other functions we don’t want impaired during exercise.[145-148]

    Inspired Nutraceuticals Greens: Forbidden Fruit & Summer Squeeze

    Need more vitamins? Inspired Nutra’s latest two flavors of Greens, Forbidden Fruit & Summer Squeeze, are perfect for summertime season!

    Niacin can also increase your body’s supply of adiponectin,[149] a hormone that has far-reaching effects on human metabolism. Crucially, adiponectin increases whole-body insulin sensitivity, and adiponectin levels are consistently low in overweight and obese people.[150]

    Adiponectin can also increase your body’s calorie burn by upregulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)[151]. AMPK activation is at least one mechanism of action behind most effective weight-loss supplements.

    Beyond that, niacin has been shown to decrease inflammation in adipose tissue,[149] which matters as this type of inflammation is associated with metabolic dysfunction.[152]

    This is niacin labeled as niacin (not inferior niacinamide), meaning it’s nicotinic acid, the kind that may provide a touch of flushing!

  • Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin) – 1,000 mcg (41,167% DV)

    Methylcobalamin, a type of vitamin B12, is our preferred form of B12. As a methyl donor, it can help support metabolic processes that depend on methylation.[50] It can also increase energy levels and even help reduce muscle damage.[51,153]

What’s this about KILLAID?

Inspired DVST8 DARK Killiad Ingredients

One thing you’ll notice is the KILLAID flavor — which is part of the Kayla Rossi Signature Series — has a different formula, dedicated to more fat burn! Here are some changes:

  • Added 20mg of LeanGBB, a pro-carnitine ingredient that induces more sweating.
  • Uses trademarked Cocoabuterol (standardized for 50% cocoa alkaloids) instead of cocoa bean extract (standardized for 20% theobromine)
  • Includes 1.5 grams of L-Carnitine for fatty acid transport to the mitochondria.
  • No Vitamin C or Arginine Nitrate
  • Adds halostachine, rauwolfia, and yohimbine HCl instead of NeuroCap, chasing more energy, intensity, and fat loss.

The long story short is, if you’re willing to sacrifice some pumps in an effort for more fat loss, then consider Kayla Rossi’s KILLAID version!

Conclusion: DVST8 Goes Dark, and Gives Two Options

It’s tough to summarize a formula with so many awesome ingredients; and Inspired DVST8 Dark is almost all the best pre-workout ingredients combined into one formula.

Inspired DVST8 DARK Killaid

The most interesting ones are NeuroCap and Luciferene – we don’t see skullcap or lotus leaf used very often, in general. Based on the research we read in reporting this article, we think lotus leaf is probably a highly underrated ingredient. Now we’re curious to see whether Inspired’s use of lotus leaf will trigger an industry trend.

Finally, it’s great to see two versions of such an epic product. Those who want extra fat loss potential can sacrifice a bit in pumps (by losing arginine nitrate) and gain in several ingredients to boost fat loss.

So when you join the dark side, which one will you choose?

Inspired Nutraceuticals DVST8 Dark – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

Get Price Alerts

No spam, no scams.

Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

About the Author: Mike Roberto

Mike Roberto

Mike Roberto is a research scientist and water sports athlete who founded PricePlow. He is an n=1 diet experimenter with extensive experience in supplementation and dietary modification, whose personal expertise stems from several experiments done on himself while sharing lab tests.

Mike's goal is to bridge the gap between nutritional research scientists and non-academics who seek to better their health in a system that has catastrophically failed the public.

No Comments | Posted in | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

References

  1. Morita, Masahiko, et al. “Oral Supplementation with a Combination of L-Citrulline and L-Arginine Rapidly Increases Plasma L-Arginine Concentration and Enhances NO Bioavailability.” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 454, no. 1, Nov. 2014, pp. 53–57, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.029; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X14018178
  2. Ochiai, Masayuki, et al; “Short-Term Effects of L-Citrulline Supplementation on Arterial Stiffness in Middle-Aged Men.”; International Journal of Cardiology; U.S. National Library of Medicine; 8 Mar. 2012; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067832
  3. Agarwal, Umang et al; “Supplemental Citrulline Is More Efficient Than Arginine in Increasing Systemic Arginine Availability in Mice.”; The Journal of nutrition; vol. 147,4; 2017; 596-602; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5368575/
  4. Castillo, L., et al. “Splanchnic Metabolism of Dietary Arginine in Relation to Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Normal Adult Man.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 90, no. 1, 1 Jan. 1993, p. 193, 10.1073/pnas.90.1.193; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC45626/
  5. Orozco-Gutiérrez, Juan José, et al. “Effect of L-Arginine or L-Citrulline Oral Supplementation on Blood Pressure and Right Ventricular Function in Heart Failure Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction.” Cardiology Journal, vol. 17, no. 6, 2010, pp. 612–618; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21154265/
  6. Wong, Alexei, et al. “Combined Whole-Body Vibration Training and L-Citrulline Supplementation Improves Pressure Wave Reflection in Obese Postmenopausal Women.” Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, vol. 41, no. 3, Mar. 2016, pp. 292–297, doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0465; https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/apnm-2015-0465
  7. Alsop P, Hauton D. Oral nitrate and citrulline decrease blood pressure and increase vascular conductance in young adults: a potential therapy for heart failure. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016 Sep;116(9):1651-61. doi: 10.1007/s00421-016-3418-7; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4983290/
  8. Bailey, Stephen J, et al; “l-Citrulline Supplementation Improves O2 Uptake Kinetics and High-Intensity Exercise Performance in Humans.”; Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985); U.S. National Library of Medicine; 15 Aug. 2015; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26023227
  9. Pérez-Guisado, Joaquín, and Philip M Jakeman; “Citrulline Malate Enhances Athletic Anaerobic Performance and Relieves Muscle Soreness.”; Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research; U.S. National Library of Medicine; May 2010; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20386132
  10. Sureda A, Córdova A, Ferrer MD, Pérez G, Tur JA, Pons A. L-citrulline-malate influence over branched chain amino acid utilization during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010 Sep;110(2):341-51. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1509-4; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-010-1509-4
  11. Breuillard, C., et al. “Citrulline and Nitrogen Homeostasis: An Overview.” Amino Acids, vol. 47, no. 4, 13 Feb. 2015, pp. 685–691; doi:10.1007/s00726-015-1932-2; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00726-015-1932-2
  12. Jourdan M, Nair KS, Carter RE, Schimke J, Ford GC, Marc J, Aussel C, Cynober L. Citrulline stimulates muscle protein synthesis in the post-absorptive state in healthy people fed a low-protein diet – A pilot study. Clin Nutr. 2015 Jun;34(3):449-56. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.04.019; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4309748/
  13. Bahri S, Zerrouk N, Aussel C, Moinard C, Crenn P, Curis E, Chaumeil JC, Cynober L, Sfar S. Citrulline: from metabolism to therapeutic use. Nutrition. 2013 Mar;29(3):479-84. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.07.002; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0899900712002584
  14. Agarwal, Umang, et al. “Supplemental Citrulline Is More Efficient than Arginine in Increasing Systemic Arginine Availability in Mice123.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 147, no. 4, 1 Apr. 2017, pp. 596–602; 10.3945/jn.116.240382; https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/147/4/596/4584706
  15. Miyake, Mika, et al. “Randomised Controlled Trial of the Effects of L-Ornithine on Stress Markers and Sleep Quality in Healthy Workers.” Nutrition Journal, vol. 13, no. 1, 3 June 2014, 10.1186/1475-2891-13-53; https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-13-53
  16. Wu, Guoyao. “Intestinal Mucosal Amino Acid Catabolism.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 128, no. 8, 1 Aug. 1998, pp. 1249–1252, 10.1093/jn/128.8.1249; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9687539/
  17. Schwedhelm, Edzard et al.; “Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral L-citrulline and L-arginine: impact on nitric oxide metabolism.”; British journal of clinical pharmacology vol. 65,1 (2008): 51-9.; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2291275/
  18. Suzuki, I., Sakuraba, K., Horiike, T. et al. A combination of oral l-citrulline and l-arginine improved 10-min full-power cycling test performance in male collegiate soccer players: a randomized crossover trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 119, 1075–1084; 2019; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-019-04097-7
  19. Lundberg, Jon O., and Mirco Govoni. “Inorganic Nitrate Is a Possible Source for Systemic Generation of Nitric Oxide.” Free Radical Biology & Medicine, vol. 37, no. 3, 1 Aug. 2004, pp. 395–400, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.027. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15223073/
  20. Qu, X. M., et al. “From Nitrate to Nitric Oxide: The Role of Salivary Glands and Oral Bacteria.” Journal of Dental Research, vol. 95, no. 13, 1 Dec. 2016, pp. 1452–1456, 10.1177/0022034516673019; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27872324/
  21. Eisenbrand, G., et al. “Nitrate and Nitrite in Saliva.” Oncology, vol. 37, no. 4, 1980, pp. 227–231, 10.1159/000225441; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7443155/
  22. Larsen, F; “Effects of dietary nitrate on oxygen cost during exercise”; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet; 2007; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17635415/
  23. Lansley, K; “Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of walking and running: a placebo-controlled study”; School of Sport and Health Sciences, Univ. of Exeter; 2011; https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.01070.2010
  24. Bailey, S; “Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of low-intensity exercise and enhances tolerance to high-intensity exercise in humans”; School of Sport and Health Sciences, Univ. of Exeter; 2009; https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.00722.2009
  25. Bescos, R; “Acute administration of inorganic nitrate reduces VO(2peak) in endurance athletes”; National Institute of Physical Education-Barcelona, University of Barcelona; 2011; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21407132/
  26. Le Roux-Mallouf, T., Pelen, F., et al. Aging; “Effect of chronic nitrate and citrulline supplementation on vascular function and exercise performance in older individuals.” 2019; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6555465/
  27. Fulford, J; “Influence of dietary nitrate supplementation on human skeletal muscle metabolism and force production during maximum voluntary contractions”; NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School; 2013; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23354414/
  28. Bailey, S; “Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances muscle contractile efficiency during knee-extensor exercise in humans”; School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter; 2010; https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.00046.2010
  29. Lundberg, J; “The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics”; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute; 2008; https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd2466
  30. Larsen, F; “Dietary inorganic nitrate improves mitochondrial efficiency in humans”; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet; 2011; https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(11)00005-2
  31. Hill, C. A., et al. “Influence of β-Alanine Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Carnosine Concentrations and High Intensity Cycling Capacity.” Amino Acids, vol. 32, no. 2, 28 July 2006, pp. 225–233, doi:10.1007/s00726-006-0364-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16868650/
  32. Trexler, E.T., Smith-Ryan, A.E., Stout, J.R. et al.; “International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine.”; J Int Soc Sports Nutr 12, 30 (2015); https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y
  33. Harris, R. C., et al. “The Absorption of Orally Supplied β-Alanine and Its Effect on Muscle Carnosine Synthesis in Human Vastus Lateralis.” Amino Acids, vol. 30, no. 3, 24 Mar. 2006, pp. 279–289, 10.1007/s00726-006-0299-9; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16554972/
  34. Dunnett, M., and R. C. Harris. “Influence of Oral ß-Alanine and L-Histidine Supplementation on the Carnosine Content of Thegluteus Medius.” Equine Veterinary Journal, vol. 31, no. S30, July 1999, pp. 499–504, 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05273.x; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10659307/
  35. Hobson, R M, et al; “Effects of β-Alanine Supplementation on Exercise Performance: a Meta-Analysis.”; Amino Acids; Springer Vienna; July 2012; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3374095/
  36. Saunders, Bryan, et al. “β-Alanine Supplementation to Improve Exercise Capacity and Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 51, no. 8, 18 Oct. 2016, pp. 658–669; https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/51/8/658.long
  37. Dolan, Eimear, et al. “A Systematic Risk Assessment and Meta-Analysis on the Use of Oral β-Alanine Supplementation.” Advances in Nutrition, vol. 10, no. 3, 13 Apr. 2019, pp. 452–463, 10.1093/advances/nmy115; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6520041/
  38. PubChem. “Theobromine.” Nih.gov, PubChem, 2019, https://www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Theobromine
  39. ‌Barokah, Liberty, et al. “Protective Effect of Theobroma Cacao on Nitric Oxide and Endothelin-1 Level in Endothelial Cells Induced by Plasma from Preeclamptic Patients: In Silico and in Vitro Studies.” European Journal of Integrative Medicine, vol. 8, no. 1, 1 Feb. 2016, pp. 73–78; 10.1016/j.eujim.2015.11.023; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876382015300639
  40. Yoneda, Mitsugu et al. “Theobromine up-regulates cerebral brain-derived neurotrophic factor and facilitates motor learning in mice.” The Journal of nutritional biochemistry vol. 39 (2017): 110-116. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.10.002 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955-2863(16)30105-X
  41. Valsecchi, Federica et al. “cAMP and mitochondria.” Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) vol. 28,3 (2013): 199-209. doi:10.1152/physiol.00004.2013 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870303/
  42. ‌Aslam, Muhammad, and Yury Ladilov. “Emerging Role of cAMP/AMPK Signaling.” Cells vol. 11,2 308. 17 Jan. 2022, doi:10.3390/cells11020308; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8774420/
  43. Coleman, William F. “Chocolate: Theobromine and Caffeine.” Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 81, no. 8, Aug. 2004, p. 1232 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed081p1232
  44. Mitchell, E S et al. “Differential contributions of theobromine and caffeine on mood, psychomotor performance and blood pressure.” Physiology & behavior vol. 104,5 (2011): 816-22. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.07.027 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938411003799
  45. Baggott, Matthew J et al. “Psychopharmacology of theobromine in healthy volunteers.” Psychopharmacology vol. 228,1 (2013): 109-18. doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3021-0 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3672386/
  46. Lubos, Edith et al. “Role of oxidative stress and nitric oxide in atherothrombosis.” Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library vol. 13 5323-44. 1 May. 2008, doi:10.2741/3084; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2617738/
  47. Leifeld, Ludger et al. “Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in fulminant hepatic failure.” Journal of hepatology vol. 37,5 (2002): 613-9. doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00271-4 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168827802002714
  48. Kaur, Gagandeep, and Atish Prakash. “Involvement of the nitric oxide signaling in modulation of naringin against intranasal manganese and intracerbroventricular β-amyloid induced neurotoxicity in rats.” The Journal of nutritional biochemistry vol. 76 (2020): 108255. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108255 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955286318304844
  49. Stabrauskiene, Jolita et al. “Naringin and Naringenin: Their Mechanisms of Action and the Potential Anticancer Activities.” Biomedicines vol. 10,7 1686. 13 Jul. 2022, doi:10.3390/biomedicines10071686; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9313440/
  50. Mohammad Hossein Zamanian, et al. Effects of Naringin on Physical Fatigue and Serum MMP-9 Concentration in Female Rats. no. 1, Dec. 2016, pp. 423–27, doi:10.1080/13880209.2016.1244553; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13880209.2016.1244553
  51. Jasemi, Seyed Vahid et al. “Naringenin Improves Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Asthma in Rats through Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects.” Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM vol. 2022 9110798. 4 Apr. 2022, doi:10.1155/2022/9110798 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9001106/
  52. Graham, T. E., and L. L. Spriet. “Performance and Metabolic Responses to a High Caffeine Dose during Prolonged Exercise.” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 71, no. 6, Dec. 1991, pp. 2292–2298, doi:10.1152/jappl.1991.71.6.2292; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1778925/
  53. Nehlig A, Daval JL, Debry G.; “Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects”; Brain Res Rev. 1992;17(2):139-170; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1356551/
  54. Goldstein, E.R., Ziegenfuss, T., Kalman, D. et al.; “International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance.”; J Int Soc Sports Nutr 7, 5 (2010); https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1550-2783-7-5
  55. Diepvens, K et al; “Obesity and thermogenesis related to the consumption of caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea;” American Journal of Physiology; 2007; https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00832.2005
  56. Yoshida, T., et al. “Relationship between Basal Metabolic Rate, Thermogenic Response to Caffeine, and Body Weight Loss Following Combined Low Calorie and Exercise Treatment in Obese Women.” International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, vol. 18, no. 5, 1 May 1994, pp. 345–350; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8061728/
  57. Icken, D, et al. “Caffeine Intake Is Related to Successful Weight Loss Maintenance.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 70, no. 4, 11 Nov. 2015, pp. 532–534, doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.183; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26554757/
  58. Tabrizi, Reza, et al. “The Effects of Caffeine Intake on Weight Loss: A Systematic Review and Dos-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, vol. 59, no. 16, 2019, pp. 2688–2696; 10.1080/10408398.2018.1507996; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335479/
  59. Sowndhararajan, Kandhasamy et al. “Neuroprotective and Cognitive Enhancement Potentials of Baicalin: A Review.” Brain sciences vol. 8,6 104. 11 Jun. 2018, doi:10.3390/brainsci8060104; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6025220/
  60. Zuo, Daiying et al. “Baicalin Attenuates Ketamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Developing Rats: Involvement of PI3K/Akt and CREB/BDNF/Bcl-2 Pathways.” Neurotoxicity research vol. 30,2 (2016): 159-72. doi:10.1007/s12640-016-9611-y; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12640-016-9611-y
  61. Rossi, Chiara et al. “Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is required for the enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis following environmental enrichment.” The European journal of neuroscience vol. 24,7 (2006): 1850-6. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05059.x; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05059.x
  62. Lang, Undine E et al. “BDNF serum concentrations in healthy volunteers are associated with depression-related personality traits.” Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology vol. 29,4 (2004): 795-8. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300382; https://www.nature.com/articles/1300382
  63. Chang, Yunyoung C et al. “Chronic administration of mood stabilizers upregulates BDNF and bcl-2 expression levels in rat frontal cortex.” Neurochemical research vol. 34,3 (2009): 536-41. doi:10.1007/s11064-008-9817-3; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2637936/
  64. “Effects of P-Synephrine Alone and in Combination with Selected Bioflavonoids on Resting Metabolism, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Self-Reported Mood Changes.”; https://www.medsci.org/v08p0295.htm
  65. Ratamess, Nicholas A et al. “The effects of supplementation with P-Synephrine alone and in combination with caffeine on resistance exercise performance.” Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition vol. 12 35. 17 Sep. 2015, doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0096-5; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC4573476/
  66. Stohs, Sidney J et al. “A review of the receptor-binding properties of p-synephrine as related to its pharmacological effects.” Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity vol. 2011 (2011): 482973. doi:10.1155/2011/482973; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3166186/
  67. Preuss HG, DiFerdinando D, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. Citrus aurantium as a thermogenic, weight-reduction replacement for ephedra: an overview. J Med. 2002;33(1-4):247-64; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12939122/
  68. Ye, Lin-Hu et al. “Pharmacokinetics of Nuciferine and N-Nornuciferine, Two Major Alkaloids From Nelumbo nucifera Leaves, in Rat Plasma and the Brain.” Frontiers in pharmacology vol. 9 902. 29 Aug. 2018, doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00902 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6123365/
  69. Khan, Shahnaz et al. “Anti-Alzheimer and Antioxidant Effects of Nelumbo nucifera L. Alkaloids, Nuciferine and Norcoclaurine in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Albino Rats.” Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 15,10 1205. 28 Sep. 2022, doi:10.3390/ph15101205; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9608663/
  70. Li, Jinhua, et al. “Research Progress on Neuroprotective Effects of Isoquinoline Alkaloids.” Molecules, vol. 28, no. 12, 1 Jan. 2023, p. 4797; https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/12/4797
  71. Chen, Chang et al. “Protective Effects of Nuciferine in Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Rats Based on Transcriptomics.” Brain sciences vol. 12,5 572. 28 Apr. 2022, doi:10.3390/brainsci12050572; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9139097/
  72. Guo, Fuchuan et al. “Nuciferine prevents hepatic steatosis and injury induced by a high-fat diet in hamsters.” PloS one vol. 8,5 e63770. 15 May. 2013, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063770; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3655021/
  73. Montain, Scott J et al. “Sweat mineral-element responses during 7 h of exercise-heat stress.” International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism vol. 17,6 (2007): 574-82. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.6.574; https://journals.humankinetics.com/doi/10.1123/ijsnem.17.6.574
  74. Strazzullo P., Leclercq C.; “Sodium.” Advanced Nutrition; March 2014; 5(2) 188-190; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951800/
  75. Valentine, V. 2007. “The Importance of Salt in the Athlete’s Diet.” Current Sports Medicine Reports vol. 6,4 (2007): 237-40. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17617999/
  76. Rondon H, Badireddy M. Hyponatremia. [Updated 2022 Jan 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470386/
  77. Remer, Thomas. “High Salt Intake: Detrimental Not Only for Blood Pressure, but Also for Bone Health?” Endocrine, vol. 49, no. 3, 10 May 2015, pp. 580–582, doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0626-6; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12020-015-0626-6
  78. O’Donnell MJ, Yusuf S, Mente A, Gao P, Mann JF, Teo K, McQueen M, Sleight P, Sharma AM, Dans A, Probstfield J, Schmieder RE. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion and risk of cardiovascular events. JAMA. 2011 Nov 23;306(20):2229-38. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1729; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22110105/
  79. Rod S. Taylor, Kate E. Ashton, Tiffany Moxham, Lee Hooper, Shah Ebrahim, Reduced Dietary Salt for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Cochrane Review), American Journal of Hypertension, Volume 24, Issue 8, August 2011, Pages 843–853, doi:10.1038/ajh.2011.115; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21731062/
  80. Melinda Wenner Moyer. “It’s Time to End the War on Salt.” Scientific American, 8 July 2011; https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/its-time-to-end-the-war-on-salt/
  81. Cook, Nancy R, et al. “Long Term Effects of Dietary Sodium Reduction on Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes: Observational Follow-up of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP).” BMJ, vol. 334, no. 7599, 20 Apr. 2007, p. 885, doi:10.1136/bmj.39147.604896.55; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1857760/
  82. Weaver, Connie M. “Potassium and Health.” Advances in Nutrition, vol. 4, no. 3, 1 May 2013, pp. 368S377S, 10.3945/an.112.003533; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3650509/
  83. Dyer, Alan R., et al. “Urinary Electrolyte Excretion in 24 Hours and Blood Pressure in the INTERSALT Study.” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 139, no. 9, 1 May 1994, pp. 940–951, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117100; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8166144
  84. Elliott, P., et al. “Intersalt Revisited: Further Analyses of 24 Hour Sodium Excretion and Blood Pressure within and across Populations.” BMJ, vol. 312, no. 7041, 18 May 1996, pp. 1249–1253, www.bmj.com/content/312/7041/1249, 10.1136/bmj.312.7041.1249; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC2351086/
  85. Cook, N. R., et al. “Effect of Change in Sodium Excretion on Change in Blood Pressure Corrected for Measurement Error. The Trials of Hypertension Prevention, Phase I.” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 148, no. 5, 1 Sept. 1998, pp. 431–444, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009668; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9737555
  86. Khaw, K T, and E Barrett-Connor. “The Association between Blood Pressure, Age, and Dietary Sodium and Potassium: A Population Study.” Circulation, vol. 77, no. 1, Jan. 1988, pp. 53–61, 10.1161/01.cir.77.1.53; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3257173
  87. Xie, J. X., et al. “The Relationship between Urinary Cations Obtained from the INTERSALT Study and Cerebrovascular Mortality.” Journal of Human Hypertension, vol. 6, no. 1, 1 Feb. 1992, pp. 17–21; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1583625
  88. Maillot, Matthieu, et al. “Food Pattern Modeling Shows That the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Sodium and Potassium Cannot Be Met Simultaneously.” Nutrition Research (New York, N.y.), vol. 33, no. 3, 1 Mar. 2013, p. 188, 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.01.004; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3878634/
  89. Drewnowski, Adam, et al. “Reducing the Sodium-Potassium Ratio in the US Diet: A Challenge for Public Health.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 96, no. 2, 3 July 2012, pp. 439–444, 10.3945/ajcn.111.025353; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3396449/
  90. Adrogué, Horacio J., and Nicolaos E. Madias. “Sodium and Potassium in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension.” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 356, no. 19, 10 May 2007, pp. 1966–1978, 10.1056/nejmra064486; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17494929/
  91. Haddy, Francis J., et al. “Role of Potassium in Regulating Blood Flow and Blood Pressure.” American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol. 290, no. 3, 1 Mar. 2006, pp. R546-552, 10.1152/ajpregu.00491.2005; https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00491.2005
  92. Amberg, Gregory C., et al. “Modulation of the Molecular Composition of Large Conductance, Ca2+ Activated K+ Channels in Vascular Smooth Muscle during Hypertension.” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 112, no. 5, 1 Sept. 2003, p. 717, 10.1172/JCI18684; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC182211/
  93. ‌National Institutes of Health. Accessed Jan. 2021. “Magnesium – Health Professionals Fact Sheet.” Office of Dietary Supplements. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/
  94. Workinger, Jayme, et al. “Challenges in the Diagnosis of Magnesium Status.” Nutrients, vol. 10, no. 9, 1 Sept. 2018, p. 1202, 10.3390/nu10091202; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6163803/
  95. DiNicolantonio, James J, et al. “Subclinical Magnesium Deficiency: A Principal Driver of Cardiovascular Disease and a Public Health Crisis.” Open Heart, vol. 5, no. 1, Jan. 2018, p. e000668, 10.1136/openhrt-2017-000668; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5786912/
  96. USDA, Agricultural Research Service USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 28; https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/beltsville-md-bhnrc/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center/nutrient-data-laboratory/docs/usda-national-nutrient-database-for-standard-reference/
  97. Beeson K.C. The Mineral Composition of Crops with Particular Reference to the Soils in Which They Were Grown: A Review and Compilation. U.S. Department of Agriculture; Washington, DC, USA: 1941; https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Mineral_Composition_of_Crops_with_Pa/7asoAAAAYAAJ
  98. Firman B. Ash and Mineral Cation Content of Vegetables. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1948;13:380–384; https://web.archive.org/web/20180818163118/https://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/bear-report/ash.php
  99. Lindlahr H. Nature Cure. Volume I The Nature Cure Publishing Co.; Chicago, IL, USA: 1914. (Philosophy and Practice Based on the Unity of Disease and Cure; The Nature Cure Series); https://www.google.com/books/edition/Nature_Cure/OMsvAQAAMAAJ
  100. Nzeusseu, A; “Inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides differ in their ability to enhance the density of cancellous and cortical bone in the axial and peripheral skeleton of growing rats”; Bone; 38(3):394-9; 2006 Mar; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16249132
  101. Ohta, A., et al. “Calcium and Magnesium Absorption from the Colon and Rectum Are Increased in Rats Fed Fructooligosaccharides.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 125, no. 9, 1 Sept. 1995, pp. 2417–2424, 10.1093/jn/125.9.2417; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7666261/
  102. Delzenne, N., et al. “Effect of Fermentable Fructo-Oligosaccharides on Mineral, Nitrogen and Energy Digestive Balance in the Rat.” Life Sciences, vol. 57, no. 17, Sept. 1995, pp. 1579–1587, 10.1016/0024-3205(95)02133-4; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7564905/
  103. Sakai, Kensuke, et al. “The Effect of Short Chain Fructooligosaccharides in Promoting Recovery from Post-Gastrectomy Anemia Is Stronger than that of Inulin.” Nutrition Research, vol. 20, no. 3, Mar. 2000, pp. 403–412, 10.1016/s0271-5317(00)00133-0; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0271531700001330
  104. Roberfroid, M. B., and N. M. Delzenne. “Dietary Fructans.” Annual Review of Nutrition, vol. 18, no. 1, July 1998, pp. 117–143, 10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.117; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9706221/
  105. Scholz-Ahrens, Katharina E., and SchrezenmeirJürgen. “Inulin and Oligofructose and Mineral Metabolism: The Evidence from Animal Trials.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 137, no. 11, 1 Nov. 2007, pp. 2513S2523S, 10.1093/jn/137.11.2513s; https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/137/11/2513S/4664498
  106. Sabater-Molina, M, et al. “Dietary Fructooligosaccharides and Potential Benefits on Health.” Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 65, no. 3, 2009, pp. 315–28, 10.1007/BF03180584; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20119826/
  107. Crittenden, R.G., and M.J. Playne. “Production, Properties and Applications of Food-Grade Oligosaccharides.” Trends in Food Science & Technology, vol. 7, no. 11, Nov. 1996, pp. 353–361, 10.1016/s0924-2244(96)10038-8; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924224496100388
  108. Yun, Jong Won. “Fructooligosaccharides—Occurrence, Preparation, and Application.” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol. 19, no. 2, Aug. 1996, pp. 107–117, 10.1016/0141-0229(95)00188-3; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0141022995001883
  109. Mishra, Akanksha, et al. “Physiological and Functional Basis of Dopamine Receptors and Their Role in Neurogenesis: Possible Implication for Parkinson’s Disease.” Journal of Experimental Neuroscience, vol. 12, Jan. 2018, p. 117906951877982, 10.1177/1179069518779829. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5985548/
  110. Rajeev Dalal, and Dejan Grujic. “Epinephrine.” Nih.gov, StatPearls Publishing, 2 Apr. 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482160/
  111. Smith, Matthew D, and Christopher V Maani. “Norepinephrine.” Nih.gov, StatPearls Publishing, 23 July 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537259/
  112. Ans, Armghan H, et al. “Neurohormonal Regulation of Appetite and Its Relationship with Stress: A Mini Literature Review.” Cureus, 23 July 2018, 10.7759/cureus.3032. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6150743/
  113. Mullur, Rashmi et al. “Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism.” Physiological reviews vol. 94,2 (2014): 355-82. doi:10.1152/physrev.00030.2013; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4044302/
  114. Rousset, Bernard. “Chapter 2 Thyroid Hormone Synthesis And Secretion.” Endotext. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2 Sept. 2015; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285550/
  115. Fontana, Luigi et al. “Effect of long-term calorie restriction with adequate protein and micronutrients on thyroid hormones.” The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism vol. 91,8 (2006): 3232-5. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0328 https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2006-0328?login=false
  116. Attipoe, Selasi, et al. “Tyrosine for Mitigating Stress and Enhancing Performance in Healthy Adult Humans, a Rapid Evidence Assessment of the Literature.” Military Medicine, vol. 180, no. 7, July 2015, pp. 754–765, 10.7205/milmed-d-14-00594; https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/180/7/754/4160625
  117. Pomeroy, Diane E., et al. “A Systematic Review of the Effect of Dietary Supplements on Cognitive Performance in Healthy Young Adults and Military Personnel.” Nutrients, vol. 12, no. 2, 20 Feb. 2020, p. 545, 10.3390/nu12020545; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071459/
  118. Sanders LM, Zeisel SH; “Choline: Dietary Requirements and Role in Brain Development;” Nutrition today; 2007;42(4):181-186; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2518394/
  119. Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al.; “Neuroscience;” 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2001. Acetylcholine; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11143/
  120. Zeisel, Steven H. “Choline: Critical Role during Fetal Development and Dietary Requirements in Adults.” Annual Review of Nutrition, vol. 26, 2006, pp. 229–250, 10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111156; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2441939/
  121. Kuksis, A., and S. Mookerjea. “Choline.” Nutrition Reviews, vol. 36, no. 7, 27 Apr. 2009, pp. 201–207, 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1978.tb07359.x; https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article-abstract/36/7/201/1831331
  122. Zeisel, S H, and J K Blusztajn. “Choline and Human Nutrition.” Annual Review of Nutrition, vol. 14, no. 1, July 1994, pp. 269–296, 10.1146/annurev.nu.14.070194.001413; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7946521/
  123. da Costa, Kerry-Ann, et al. “Effects of Prolonged (1 Year) Choline Deficiency and Subsequent Re-Feeding of Choline on 1,2-Sn-Diradylglycerol, Fatty Acids and Protein Kinase c in Rat Liver.” Carcinogenesis, vol. 16, no. 2, 1995, pp. 327–334, 10.1093/carcin/16.2.327; https://academic.oup.com/carcin/article-abstract/16/2/327/348681
  124. Dodson WL, Sachan DS. Choline supplementation reduces urinary carnitine excretion in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(6):904-910. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8644685
  125. Hongu N, Sachan DS. Carnitine and choline supplementation with exercise alter carnitine profiles, biochemical markers of fat metabolism and serum leptin concentration in healthy women. J Nutr. 2003;133(1):84-89. http://jn.nutrition.org/content/133/1/84.long
  126. Daily JW 3rd, Sachan DS. Choline supplementation alters carnitine homeostasis in humans and guinea pigs. J Nutr. 1995;125(7):1938-1944. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7616311
  127. Elsawy G, Abdelrahman O, Hamza A. Effect of Choline Supplementation on Rapid Weight Loss and Biochemical Variables Among Female Taekwondo and Judo Athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2014;40:77-82. doi:10.2478/hukin-2014-0009. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4096089/
  128. Millington, W R et al. “Deanol acetamidobenzoate inhibits the blood-brain barrier transport of choline.” Annals of neurology vol. 4,4 (1978): 302-6. doi:10.1002/ana.410040403. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/727735/
  129. Haubrich DR, Gerber NH, Pflueger AB. Deanol affects choline metabolism in peripheral tissues of mice. J Neurochem. 1981 Aug;37(2):476-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb00480.x. PMID: 7264671. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7264671/
  130. Dimpfel W, Wedekind W, Keplinger I. Efficacy of dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) containing vitamin-mineral drug combination on EEG patterns in the presence of different emotional states. Eur J Med Res. 2003 May 30;8(5):183-91. PMID: 12844472. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12844472/
  131. Majeed, M, et al; “Use of piperine to increase the bioavailability of nutritional compounds”; United States Patent US5536506A; 24-Feb 1995; https://patents.google.com/patent/US5536506A/en
  132. Majeed, M, et al; “Use of piperine as a bioavailability enhancer”; United States Patent US5744161A; 30-Oct 1995; https://patents.google.com/patent/US5744161A/en
  133. Majeed, M, et al; “Use of piperine as a bioavailability enhancer”; United States Patent US5972382A; 12-Jan 1998; https://patents.google.com/patent/US5972382A/en
  134. Majeed, M; “Process for making high purity piperine for nutritional use”; United States Patent US6054585A; 23-Dec 1998; https://patents.google.com/patent/US6054585A/en
  135. Haq, Iahtisham-Ul et al. “Piperine: A review of its biological effects.” Phytotherapy research : PTR vol. 35,2 (2021): 680-700. doi:10.1002/ptr.6855 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.6855
  136. Maeda A, Shirao T, Shirasaya D, Yoshioka Y, Yamashita Y, Akagawa M, Ashida H. Piperine Promotes Glucose Uptake through ROS-Dependent Activation of the CAMKK/AMPK Signaling Pathway in Skeletal Muscle. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2018 Jun;62(11):e1800086. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201800086; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29683271/
  137. Choi S, Choi Y, Choi Y, Kim S, Jang J, Park T. Piperine reverses high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice. Food Chem. 2013 Dec 15;141(4):3627-35. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.028; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308814613008030
  138. Mittal R, Gupta RL. In vitro antioxidant activity of piperine. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Jun;22(5):271-4. doi: 10.1358/mf.2000.22.5.796644; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11031726/
  139. Gęgotek, Agnieszka, and Elżbieta Skrzydlewska. “Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ascorbic Acid.” Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 11,10 1993. 7 Oct. 2022, doi:10.3390/antiox11101993 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9598715/
  140. Patak P, Willenberg HS, Bornstein SR. Vitamin C is an important cofactor for both adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. Endocr Res. 2004 Nov;30(4):871-5. doi: 10.1081/erc-200044126. PMID: 15666839. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15666839/
  141. Sebastian J Padayatty, John L Doppman, Richard Chang, Yaohui Wang, John Gill, Dimitris A Papanicolaou, Mark Levine, Human adrenal glands secrete vitamin C in response to adrenocorticotrophic hormone, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 86, Issue 1, July 2007, Pages 145–149, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.1.145
  142. Cantó, Carles, et al. “NAD+ Metabolism and the Control of Energy Homeostasis: A Balancing Act between Mitochondria and the Nucleus.” Cell Metabolism, vol. 22, no. 1, July 2015, pp. 31–53, 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.023; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4487780/
  143. Chini, Claudia C.S., et al. “NAD and the Aging Process: Role in Life, Death and Everything in Between.” Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 455, Nov. 2017, pp. 62–74, 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.003; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5419884/
  144. Yang, Yue, and Anthony A. Sauve. “NAD+ Metabolism: Bioenergetics, Signaling and Manipulation for Therapy.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 1864, no. 12, 1 Dec. 2016, pp. 1787–1800, 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.06.014; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5521000/
  145. Rajman, Luis, et al. “Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The in Vivo Evidence.” Cell Metabolism, vol. 27, no. 3, Mar. 2018, pp. 529–547, 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.011; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6342515/
  146. Katsyuba, Elena, et al. “NAD + Homeostasis in Health and Disease.” Nature Metabolism, vol. 2, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2020, pp. 9–31, 10.1038/s42255-019-0161-5; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32694684/
  147. Chini, Claudia C.S., et al. “Evolving Concepts in NAD+ Metabolism.” Cell Metabolism, vol. 33, no. 6, June 2021, pp. 1076–1087, 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.04.003; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8172449/
  148. Weiner, H., and X. Wang. “Aldehyde Dehydrogenase and Acetaldehyde Metabolism.” Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). Supplement, vol. 2, 1994, pp. 141–145; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8974328/
  149. Wanders, Desiree et al. “Niacin increases adiponectin and decreases adipose tissue inflammation in high fat diet-fed mice.” PloS one vol. 8,8 e71285. 13 Aug. 2013, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071285 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3742781/
  150. Achari, Arunkumar E, and Sushil K Jain. “Adiponectin, a Therapeutic Target for Obesity, Diabetes, and Endothelial Dysfunction.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 18,6 1321. 21 Jun. 2017, doi:10.3390/ijms18061321 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC5486142/
  151. “Adiponectin – an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics.” Www.sciencedirect.com, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/adiponectin. Accessed 2 Nov. 2021.
  152. Zatterale F, Longo M, Naderi J, Raciti GA, Desiderio A, Miele C and Beguinot F (2020) Chronic Adipose Tissue Inflammation Linking Obesity to Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes. Front. Physiol. 10:1607. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01607 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2019.01607/full
  153. Yen, Ching-Chi et al. “Potential Risk of Higenamine Misuse in Sports: Evaluation of Lotus Plumule Extract Products and a Human Study.” Nutrients vol. 12,2 285. 21 Jan. 2020, doi:10.3390/nu12020285 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7070534/

Comments and Discussion (Powered by the PricePlow Forum)