Inspired Nutraceuticals DVST8 Dark RTD: Monster Pre-Workout Drink with Nitrates!

Back in July, we covered Inspired Nutraceuticals’ DVST8 DARK Pre-Workout – a formula for anyone who wants to hone their edge. Or in Jungian terms, integrate their shadow. It’s an impressive formula in many ways, featuring some novel ingredients and generous doses of familiar ones.

DVST8 Dark Now in RTD Form

Inspired Nutraceuticals DVST8 Dark RTD

Inspired Nutra’s DVST8 Dark RTD comes at a huge 400 milligrams of caffeine and is the first pre-workout drink we’ve seen with nitrates for epic pumps!

Well, now Inspired is coming out with DVST8 Dark RTD — a ready-to-drink (RTD) variation of the pre-workout! This means no powder, no mixing, no fuss – just open the bottle and drink.

It can be tricky to adapt a powder formula to the demands of an RTD, though, because you have to make compromises – you have to walk a careful line between taste, texture, fluid volume, and efficacy.

Not every company can pull it off. But as we’ll see in this article, Inspired did a great job with DVST8 RTD, and it packs a punch at a total of 400 milligrams of caffeine.

The first RTD we’ve seen with nitrates inside

For instance, we have two grams of nitrates inside, something we haven’t seen in a pre-workout RTD. We’re not surprised though, because Inspired also has nitrates in their FSU Serum glycerol liquid.

This launch is paired with the Endless Hydration RTD on Black Friday 2023, so don’t miss that as well. Let’s get into it, but first, check PricePlow’s product availability and get signed up for our Inspired Nutraceuticals news and deals:

Inspired Nutraceuticals DVST8 Dark RTD – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

Get Price Alerts

No spam, no scams.

Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

This area is reserved for Team PricePlow's upcoming videos.

Subscribe to our channel and sign up for notifications so you catch it when it goes live!

Subscribe to PricePlow on YouTube!

DVST8 Dark RTD Ingredients

In a single 1-bottle serving (12 oz) of DVST8 RTD, you get the following:

  • DVST8: The Truth Matrix

    The Truth Matrix is full of nitric oxide (NO) boosting ingredients that can give you massive pumps.

    • L-Citrulline malate 2:1 – 6,000 mg

      Inspired Nutraceuticals DVST8 Dark RTD Ingredients

      Citrulline is a conditionally essential acid and NO precursor. However, it is not the direct NO precursor. First it gets converted into arginine, and then NO, like so: Citrulline → Arginine → NO.

      So why not take arginine instead? As it turns out, citrulline’s oral bioavailability is so much higher than arginine’s that even with an intermediary step between citrulline-to-NO conversion, citrulline is still better at boosting NO.[1,2]

      If you don’t know how more NO can lead to pumps, here’s the process: The presence of NO in your arteries triggers vasodilation, a mechanism whereby arterial smooth muscle relaxes, making the arteries bigger in diameter. This permits a greater throughput of blood, with less resistance, allowing the cardiovascular system to function as normal at a lower heart rate and lower blood pressure.[3-5]

      While a drop in blood pressure and heart rate can have health benefits for most people, vasodilation is of special interest to athletes of any kind. That’s because vasodilation also increases the efficiency of cellular nutrient delivery, as well as cellular waste removal, allowing you to perform and recover better than usual.

      Citrulline studies show that it can improve the following:

      DVST8 Dark RTD

      Are you ready to join the dark side?

      • Power by improving oxygen uptake[6]
      • Athletic endurance by about 50%[7]
      • Post-exercise muscle soreness[7]
      • Growth hormone (GH) production in response to exercise[8]
      • Protein sparing[9]
      • Muscle growth in response to exercise[10,11]

      Citrulline can also help your body eliminate ammonia,[12,13] which is probably one of its endurance-boosting mechanisms since ammonia causes mental and physical tiredness.

      Finally, citrulline supplementation can improve the body’s cortisol-to-DHEA ratio[13] – which, for the vast majority of people, means lowering it.

      Citrulline content of citrulline malate

      As the label indicates, we’re getting 2 parts citrulline for every 1 part malate. This yields a dose of 4 grams citrulline, which is definitely well above the standard 3-gram dose (2 and 3 grams have both been clinically verified, and 6 grams of citrulline malate has as well).

      What does malate do?

      As it turns out, the malate part of citrulline malate (also known as malic acid) may exert some positive effects of its own. For example, it participates in the Krebs cycle, your cells’ primary energy synthesis pathway.[14] One peer-reviewed study found that citrulline malate can significantly improve cellular aerobic respiration.[15]

    • Glycerol (99.7% Pure) (as GlycoClear) – 5,000 mg

      Inspired Nutra’s FSU Serum introduced many readers to the power of liquid glycerol, so why not have some added to DVST8 Dark RTD as well?

      Inspired Nutraceuticals FSU Serum

      You like glycerol, do you? Then you must check out FSU Serum!

      Glycerol, also known as glycerin, is a polyol alcohol molecule that occurs naturally in the human body as a byproduct of aerobic respiration.

      This ingredient functions as an osmolyte. This means that when taken supplementally, glycerol is distributed throughout the body’s tissues and fluids, where its strong affinity for water increases the water content of your blood, plasma, and muscle tissue.[16,17] This causes a boost to the overall water content of your body, and a state called cellular hyperhydration,[16,17] which is exactly what it sounds like – higher-than-normal amounts of water are forced into cells by glycerol’s manipulation of osmotic pressure gradients.

      Glycerol research usually focuses on its ability to increase endurance, as illustrated by one experiment where trained cyclists’ time to exhaustion was significantly increased by glycerol supplementation.[18] A big part of this effect seems to be glycerol’s ability to decrease cardiovascular strain and enhance blood flow.[19]

      However, other research has shown that glycerol can increase anaerobic performance as well,[20] so it’s not just for endurance athletes!

      The extra water in your cells from glycerol supplementation helps protect those cells against heat stress,[19,21] which is one reason why you often see big doses of glycerol in hydration formulas.

    • Arginine Nitrate (as NO3-T) – 1,000 mg

      We just talked about how citrulline’s bioavailability is way better than arginine’s – so what’s arginine nitrate doing in this formula?

      As it turns out, citrulline inhibits the enzyme responsible for arginine’s low oral bioavailability,[22,23] so taking these two amino acids together can have impressive synergistic effects. Studies show that the citrulline+arginine combination outperforms either ingredient alone, in both human[24,25] and animal[26] research. But this one’s really about the nitrate content!

      Inspired Nutra DVST8 Dark RTD

      Nitrates boost nitric oxide incredibly as well, and through a different mechanism than the citrulline-arginine-NO conversion pathway: nitrates get fixed into the NO molecule by the salivary glands in your mouth.[27-29]

      Studies on nitrates show that they can improve:

      • Circulation[30]
      • Aerobic efficiency[30-34]
      • Strength[35,36]
      • Cellular energy production[36-38]

      This means we’re going to get a massive pump here… especially because we’re not done with nitrates yet!

    • Betaine Nitrate (as NO3-T) – 1,000 mg

      Another form of nitrate! This means the benefits discussed above also apply here for even more pumps. However, betaine is great in its own right:

      Betaine, also known as trimethylglycine (TMG), is a powerful ergogenic aid.[39] Like glycerol, it’s also an osmolyte, capable of inducing cellular hyperhydration[40,41] and the usual performance-boosting benefits of that state.[42]

      Studies repeatedly show that betaine supplementation — when used at 2.5 grams per day — can improve strength, power, endurance, and, when taken long-term, body composition.[43-48] We don’t have that dose, but it’s good to see a beneficial molecule attached to nitrate, which is what we’re really using here.

      Betaine is also a methyl donor, meaning it carries methyl groups (-CH3) to cells that are tasked with carrying out methyl-dependent metabolic functions. One such function is regulating serum concentrations of homocysteine,[49] an amino acid whose buildup in the blood is linked to cardiovascular disease.[40,50] Supplementation with betaine can thus be seen as a good investment in long-term cardiovascular health and function.

      Between these two nitrate ingredients, which are the same as the total in FSU Serum, alongside citrulline malate, we’re looking at some of the best pumps you’ll ever see in an RTD!

  • Endless: Endurance & VO2 Supply

    • Beta-Alanine – 3,200 mg

      Beta-alanine is another great ergogenic aid. It combines with the amino acid histidine to form a dipeptide compound called carnosine. We like carnosine because it helps the body eliminate lactic acid – and since lactic acid buildup causes muscular fatigue,[51] accelerating its removal by upregulating carnosine via beta-alanine supplementation can have an endurance-boosting effect.

      Inspired Nutraceuticals DVST8 Dark: Coming Soon...

      Going powder instead? Check out Inspired’s DVST8 DARK

      It would be great if we could take carnosine itself as a supplement, but again, its oral bioavailability is not very good. That of beta-alanine is much higher, and histidine supplementation is almost never necessary thanks to its abundance in commonly-eaten foods.[52,53]

      Two meta-analyses, looking at over 40 different peer-reviewed studies, have shown that beta-alanine is best at supporting endurance during exercise conducted at an intensity level that can be sustained for anywhere from 30 seconds to 10 minutes.[51-55] In other words, if you’re working out too hard to last 30 seconds, or at such a low level of intensity that you can go longer than 10 minutes, then beta-alanine won’t give you the maximum benefit. It’s a great supplement for shorter-duration, high-intensity cardio or low-weight, high-rep lifting.

      Don’t sweat the tingles

      If you experience a tingling sensation in your upper body after taking beta-alanine, don’t worry – it’s normal, and harmless.[56]

    • Pink Himalayan Salt – 500 mg

      Pink Himalayan salt is prized as a rich source of electrolytes and trace minerals, with sodium being its main constituent mineral. The 500-milligram dose incorporated in DVST8 RTD delivers 210 milligrams of sodium per 1-bottle serving, helping to counteract the sodium depletion that occurs through sweat during a moderately demanding workout.

      Sodium plays a crucial role in facilitating proper muscle contractions and optimizing athletic performance,[57,58] and during intense physical exertion, we expel a considerable amount of it—approximately 0.9 grams of sodium per liter of sweat.[57] To ensure optimal performance and efficient recovery, it’s generally advisable to proactively replenish the sodium lost during a workout by preloading with a slightly increased sodium intake.

  • Dark: Mind/Muscle Sync Module

    • N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine – 2,000 mg

      Tyrosine is a pre-workout superstar with two huge benefits:

      DVST8 Dark RTD

      1. Tyrosine is a precursor to the body’s thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Thus, tyrosine can help facilitate proper thyroid function,[59,60] even in the face of metabolic stress like intense exercise. And it’s also worth noting that caloric deficits can stress the thyroid too.[61]
      2. It’s also a precursor to the catecholamine neurotransmitters like dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline.[62-64] The catecholamines – particularly dopamine – play a crucial role in focus and motivation, so tyrosine can possibly help improve your willingness to do a tough workout. Adrenaline and noradrenaline also have significant fat-burning potential.[65]

      Tyrosine is also great for mitigating sleep deprivation. According to studies conducted by the U.S. military, tyrosine is actually better than caffeine at restoring cognition to baseline during acute sleep deprivation.[66,67]

      We’re big fans of the 2 gram tyrosine dose, so it’s good to see that dose in DVST8 RTD. There’s often discussion using standard L-Tyrosine over N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine in powdered pre-workouts, but when it comes to beverages, the acetylated form is the way to go here — it’s more soluble in water.

    • Choline-L-Bitartrate – 1,000 mg

      Choline is an essential B vitamin require for the construction and maintenance of the phospholipid bilayer membranes that enclose the contents of all your body’s cells.[68] It also helps support intercellular signaling between those membranes.[69]

      Your body needs choline to make acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that plays an indispensable part in learning and memory.[70] Upregulating acetylcholine via increased choline intake can enhance cognitive function in multiple ways, but is particularly good for supporting memory consolidation,[71,72] your body’s process of turning short-term memories into long-term ones.

      DVST8 Dark RTD Box (Malibu Breeze)

      Even the box the 12 bottles come in is epic

      Compared to other forms of choline, the bitartrate form is chosen to emphasize nootropic effects, and is particularly good at increasing visuomotor acuity.[73]

    • DMAE (Dimethylaminoethanol) Bitartrate – 500 mg

      Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) is a molecule that resembles choline, and can improve choline’s nootropic efficacy.

      Inspired Nutraceuticals LGND V3

      Add to your muscle stack: the new LGND!

      Because of its similarity to choline, DMAE can bind to peripheral choline receptors,[74] which makes circulation choline more available to your central nervous system.[75] Functionally, this can have the same effect as increasing the amount of choline in your body.

      By enhancing the brain’s access to choline, DMAE has the potential to stabilize mood and alleviate symptoms associated with emotional disorders.[76] A study utilizing EEG measurements revealed that DMAE supplementation played a role in normalizing brain wave activity in human subjects.[76]

  • Dark: Stimulated Reality Ignition (SR)

    • Caffeine Anhydrous – 325 mg (of ~398 mg total caffeine)

      Caffeine, a methylxanthine stimulant, possesses the unusual ability to easily traverse the blood-brain barrier. This grants caffeine exceptional influence over the central nervous system, making it an outstanding mood enhancer, focus booster, and even an ergogenic aid.[77]

      Inspired Nutraceuticals Endless Teaser

      Launching alongside DVST8 Dark RTD is the novel Endless Hydration RTD

      The well-known fatigue-fighting properties of caffeine stem from its interaction with adenosine. Adenosine, a byproduct of ATP hydrolysis, accumulates in neural tissue during wakefulness, leading to fatigue.[78,79] Caffeine acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist, preventing adenosine from inducing feelings of tiredness.

      In terms of enhancing athletic performance, caffeine appears to elevate cellular metabolic rates by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that breaks down cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a secondary messenger. As cAMP signals cells to generate energy, this naturally results in a slight metabolism boost.[78,80,81]

      Caffeine also demonstrates potent fat-burning properties,[82] with one study indicating an up to 50% increase in the body’s fat-burning rate,[83] and a 2020 meta-analysis finding fat-burning effects at doses as low as 3 milligrams per kilogram of body weight.[84]

      Thanks to its positive impact on cellular metabolism, caffeine can cause slight but significant improvements to strength, speed, and endurance.[79,82,83,85]

      On the cognitive front, caffeine enhances attention, vigilance, reaction times, and working memory.[86-88]

      High-dose caffeine’s impact on strength

      Most caffeine studies, like the ones we discussed above, focus on caffeine’s ergogenic and nootropic effects at 3 milligrams per kg/bw or higher.[89-91] And as we noted, there is lots of good evidence to support the use of caffeine at this dose.

      High Dose Caffeine Performance

      Known since 1991, very high dose caffeine can seriously boost performance.[92] As you can see, it’s quite variable amongst users – future research would show that caffeine’s effects depend on your genotype.

      However, once you get into 5 mg/kg/bw, all the way up to 9, caffeine’s effects become significantly more intriguing – research shows that overall strength, top-end power, and endurance all increase by a lot more in this dose range.[92-104]

      Note: Between the caffeine anhydrous and the caffeine malate (which yields 74% caffeine by weight), DVST8 RTD has a total caffeine dose of 400 milligrams per serving. That’s great for strength gains – it gets people as heavy as 176 lbs over the 5 mg/kg/bw threshold – but it’s also a lot of caffeine to take all at once! If you’re not sure whether you can handle this much, ask your doctor!

    • Di-Caffeine Malate (as Infinergy) – 100 mg (yields ~73 mg of ~398 mg total caffeine)

      Di-caffeine malate is a caffeine molecule bound to malic acid. This chemical bond decreases the rate at which your body absorbs the caffeine, leading to a different pharmacokinetic curve – one with longer, flatter peaks, and a more gradual taper. This leads to a more pleasant experience for the user, particularly on the withdrawal side of things.

      Using dicaffeine malate in combination with anhydrous is an increasingly popular strategy to help balance consumers’ caffeine experience – a sort of “best of both worlds” effect where caffeine anhydrous gives you a quick boost, while the di-caffeine malate mitigates any potential crash on the back end.

      Again, note the caffeine warning above — this is a high-stim product.

    • Whole Coffee Fruit Extract (Coffea arabica) (as CognatiQ) – 100 mg

      CognatiQ, formerly known as NeuroFactor, is a coffee fruit extract designed to contain high levels of bioactive constituents that promote the expression of a protein called brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).[105]

      Inspired Nutraceuticals Protein+ and ISO-PF

      They’re back — Inspired Nutraceuticals has rebirthed their Protein+ and ISO-PF proteins in some epic new flavors!

      You can think of BDNF as fertilizer for your brain – it helps promote the birth maturation of new neurons, even in aging (adult) brains.[106,107] Jacking up BDNF production is a popular biohacker strategy for optimizing brain health and function.

      Exercise is one of the best ways to increase your body’s production of BDNF – and at the same time, BDNF can help your body adapt to exercise. A 2022 research review concluded that “during exercise stimuli the BDNF contributes directly to strengthening neuromuscular junctions, muscle regeneration, insulin-regulated glucose uptake and β-oxidation processes in muscle tissue.”[108] BDNF can also help increase metabolic flexibility, your cells’ ability to burn either carbs or fat for energy, depending on the situation.[108]

      Adding ingredients like CognatiQ is a great way to synergize with the natural BDNF-boosting effect of exercise.[109] One study found that a 100-milligram dose of CognatiQ can upregulate BDNF by an impressive 150%.[105]

    • Theobromine – 50 mg

      Theobromine, classified as a methylxanthine alkaloid alongside caffeine, possesses stimulant, vasodilatory, and bronchodilatory properties.[110] Similar to citrulline, theobromine inhibits arginase,[111] suggesting its inclusion in DVST8 RTD can enhance the effectiveness of NO3-T arginine nitrate.

      Konlan Paul and Landon Suggs of Inspired Nutraceuticals on the PricePlow Podcast

      Konlan James Paul of V1 Nutra and Landon Suggs of Inspired Nutraceuticals join the PricePlow Podcast for Episode #096 to talk about KJ Paul’s new role at Inspired!

      In parallel with its chemical relative caffeine, theobromine inhibits phosphodiesterase, consequently elevating cAMP levels,[112] leading to an increase in cellular metabolism.[113,114] While caffeine exhibits some vasodilation effects, theobromine excels in relaxing smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a reduction of blood pressure and heart rate.[115] At times, theobromine is paired with caffeine to counteract caffeine’s tendency to raise blood pressure.[116]

      Additionally, theobromine boasts a notably longer half-life than caffeine, contributing to a more gradual taper and mitigating the severity of withdrawal effects.[117]

  • Other ingredients

    • Vitamin B3 (as Niacin) – 20 mg (120% DV)

      Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+),[118-120] a crucial component in a veritable plethora of metabolic processes. This includes its pivotal role in the electron transport chain, which generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in all your cells and, hence, your entire body. NAD+ is also essential for liver function and DNA repair.[121-124]

      NAD+ Pathways and ATP Usage

      The NAD+ synthesis map.[118] Circled in green are all of the areas where an ATP molecule is required. Niacin is great because it doesn’t overload the salvage pathway, though.

      Niacin has the ability to upregulate adiponectin,[125] a hormone with a significant impact on metabolic function. Adiponectin increases insulin sensitivity,[126] and studies indicate that obesity is linked to adiponectin deficiency.[126] Adiponectin also upregulates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK),[127] a secondary messenger that increases the metabolic rate of cells.

      Finally, niacin has the capability to downregulate the production of inflammatory cytokines by adipose tissue,[125] a crucial benefit as this particular type of inflammation is linked to metabolic dysfunction.[128]

    • Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin) – 1,000 mcg (41,670% DV)

      Methylcobalamin is vitamin B12 bound to methyl groups. We prefer the use of this B12 variant over the less expensive cyanocobalamin because the methylcobalamin molecule can donate methyl groups cells that need them to perform various metabolic tasks.[129]

      B12 is crucial for red blood cell synthesis, and a deficiency in B12 can lead to megaloblastic anemia,[130,131] a condition where red blood cells increase in size but decrease in number, which results in a net decrease in aerobic capacity.

      The evidence regarding B12’s ability to boost energy levels in individuals without a B12 deficiency is inconclusive. However, even mild deficiencies can lead to fatigue,[132] emphasizing the importance of avoiding B12 deficiency.

Flavors Available

DVST8 Dark RTD Box: Black Rainbow

Black Rainbow?! Only Inspired….

Inspired Nutraceuticals doesn’t disappoint, with some wild flavor names like Black Rainbow:

    Conclusion: A seriously wild RTD Pre-Workout

    Inspired Logo

    Since 2014, Inspired has been coming out with some of the most innovative products on the market to ‘fuel what inspires you’.

    The DVST8 RTD formula is smart in that it seeks to leverage multiple synergistic effects between ingredients, e.g., choline/DMAE, arginine/citrulline, and arginine/theobromine. Plus, we have some solid BDNF support with CognatiQ, which should amplify the BDNF signaling pathways associated with exercise.

    The big dose of choline is welcome, as is the large dose of caffeine, which reaches into a range where caffeine has been found to exert substantially bigger effects on strength.

    All in all, a solidly dosed, intelligently designed RTD formula. As expected from Landon and his team at Inspired Nutraceuticals. Next up, you can head back to our powdered DVST8 Dark write-up, check out the Endless RTD, or listen to Landon on Episode #096 of the PricePlow Podcast.

    Inspired Nutraceuticals DVST8 Dark RTD – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

    Get Price Alerts

    No spam, no scams.

    Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

    Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

    About the Author: Mike Roberto

    Mike Roberto

    Mike Roberto is a research scientist and water sports athlete who founded PricePlow. He is an n=1 diet experimenter with extensive experience in supplementation and dietary modification, whose personal expertise stems from several experiments done on himself while sharing lab tests.

    Mike's goal is to bridge the gap between nutritional research scientists and non-academics who seek to better their health in a system that has catastrophically failed the public. Mike is currently experimenting with a low Vitamin A diet.

    No Comments | Posted in , | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

    References

    1. Ochiai, Masayuki, et al; “Short-Term Effects of L-Citrulline Supplementation on Arterial Stiffness in Middle-Aged Men.”; International Journal of Cardiology; U.S. National Library of Medicine; 8 Mar. 2012; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067832
    2. Agarwal, Umang et al; “Supplemental Citrulline Is More Efficient Than Arginine in Increasing Systemic Arginine Availability in Mice.”; The Journal of nutrition; vol. 147,4; 2017; 596-602; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5368575/
    3. Orozco-Gutiérrez JJ, Castillo-Martínez L, Orea-Tejeda A, Vázquez-Díaz O, Valdespino-Trejo A, Narváez-David R, Keirns-Davis C, Carrasco-Ortiz O, Navarro-Navarro A, Sánchez-Santillán R. Effect of L-arginine or L-citrulline oral supplementation on blood pressure and right ventricular function in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction. Cardiol J. 2010;17(6):612-8. PMID: 21154265. https://journals.viamedica.pl/cardiology_journal
    4. Wong A, Alvarez-Alvarado S, Jaime SJ, Kinsey AW, Spicer MT, Madzima TA, Figueroa A. Combined whole-body vibration training and l-citrulline supplementation improves pressure wave reflection in obese postmenopausal women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Mar;41(3):292-7. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0465; https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/apnm-2015-0465
    5. Alsop P, Hauton D. Oral nitrate and citrulline decrease blood pressure and increase vascular conductance in young adults: a potential therapy for heart failure. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016 Sep;116(9):1651-61. doi: 10.1007/s00421-016-3418-7; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4983290/
    6. Bailey, Stephen J, et al; “l-Citrulline Supplementation Improves O2 Uptake Kinetics and High-Intensity Exercise Performance in Humans.”; Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985); U.S. National Library of Medicine; 15 Aug. 2015; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26023227
    7. Pérez-Guisado, Joaquín, and Philip M Jakeman; “Citrulline Malate Enhances Athletic Anaerobic Performance and Relieves Muscle Soreness.”; Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research; U.S. National Library of Medicine; May 2010; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20386132
    8. Sureda A, Córdova A, Ferrer MD, Pérez G, Tur JA, Pons A. L-citrulline-malate influence over branched chain amino acid utilization during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010 Sep;110(2):341-51. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1509-4; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-010-1509-4
    9. Breuillard C, Cynober L, Moinard C. Citrulline and nitrogen homeostasis: an overview. Amino Acids. 2015 Apr;47(4):685-91. doi: 10.1007/s00726-015-1932-2; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00726-015-1932-2
    10. Jourdan M, Nair KS, Carter RE, Schimke J, Ford GC, Marc J, Aussel C, Cynober L. Citrulline stimulates muscle protein synthesis in the post-absorptive state in healthy people fed a low-protein diet – A pilot study. Clin Nutr. 2015 Jun;34(3):449-56. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.04.019; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4309748/
    11. Bahri S, Zerrouk N, Aussel C, Moinard C, Crenn P, Curis E, Chaumeil JC, Cynober L, Sfar S. Citrulline: from metabolism to therapeutic use. Nutrition. 2013 Mar;29(3):479-84. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.07.002; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0899900712002584
    12. Agarwal, Umang, et al. “Supplemental Citrulline Is More Efficient than Arginine in Increasing Systemic Arginine Availability in Mice123.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 147, no. 4, 1 Apr. 2017, pp. 596–602; 10.3945/jn.116.240382; https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/147/4/596/4584706
    13. Miyake, Mika, et al. “Randomised Controlled Trial of the Effects of L-Ornithine on Stress Markers and Sleep Quality in Healthy Workers.” Nutrition Journal, vol. 13, no. 1, 3 June 2014, 10.1186/1475-2891-13-53; https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-13-53
    14. “Malic Acid: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and Warning.” WebMD; https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1495/malic-acid
    15. Bendahan, D. “Citrulline/Malate Promotes Aerobic Energy Production in Human Exercising Muscle.” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 36, no. 4, 1 Aug. 2002, pp. 282–289, 10.1136/bjsm.36.4.282; https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/36/4/282
    16. PubChem. “Glycerol.” Pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/753
    17. Nelson, Jeff L, and Robert A Robergs. “Exploring the Potential Ergogenic Effects of Glycerol Hyperhydration.” Sports Medicine, vol. 37, no. 11, 2007, pp. 981–1000, 10.2165/00007256-200737110-00005. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17953468
    18. Montner, P., et al. “Pre-Exercise Glycerol Hydration Improves Cycling Endurance Time.” International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 17, no. 1, 1 Jan. 1996, pp. 27–33, 10.1055/s-2007-972804. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8775573/
    19. Anderson, M. J., et al. “Effect of Glycerol-Induced Hyperhydration on Thermoregulation and Metabolism during Exercise in the Heat.” International Journal of Sport Nutrition, vol. 11, no. 3, 29 Sept. 2001, pp. 315–333. https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/effect-of-glycerol-induced-hyperhydration-on-thermoregulation-and
    20. Patlar, Suleyman, et al. “The Effect of Glycerol Supplements on Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance of Athletes and Sedentary Subjects.” Journal of Human Kinetics, vol. 34, no. 1, 1 Oct. 2012, pp. 69–79, 10.2478/v10078-012-0065-x. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3590833/
    21. Lyons, T. P., et al. “Effects of Glycerol-Induced Hyperhydration prior to Exercise in the Heat on Sweating and Core Temperature.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol. 22, no. 4, 1990, pp. 477–483; https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Abstract/1990/08000/Effects_of_glycerol_induced_hyperhydration_prior.10.aspx
    22. Castillo, L., et al. “Splanchnic Metabolism of Dietary Arginine in Relation to Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Normal Adult Man.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 90, no. 1, 1 Jan. 1993, p. 193, 10.1073/pnas.90.1.193; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC45626/
    23. Wu, Guoyao. “Intestinal Mucosal Amino Acid Catabolism.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 128, no. 8, 1 Aug. 1998, pp. 1249–1252, 10.1093/jn/128.8.1249; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9687539/
    24. Schwedhelm, Edzard et al.; “Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral L-citrulline and L-arginine: impact on nitric oxide metabolism.”; British journal of clinical pharmacology vol. 65,1 (2008): 51-9.; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2291275/
    25. Suzuki, I., Sakuraba, K., Horiike, T. et al. A combination of oral l-citrulline and l-arginine improved 10-min full-power cycling test performance in male collegiate soccer players: a randomized crossover trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 119, 1075–1084; 2019; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-019-04097-7
    26. Morita, Masahiko, et al. “Oral Supplementation with a Combination of L-Citrulline and L-Arginine Rapidly Increases Plasma L-Arginine Concentration and Enhances NO Bioavailability.” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 454, no. 1, Nov. 2014, pp. 53–57, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.029; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X14018178
    27. Lundberg, Jon O., and Mirco Govoni. “Inorganic Nitrate Is a Possible Source for Systemic Generation of Nitric Oxide.” Free Radical Biology & Medicine, vol. 37, no. 3, 1 Aug. 2004, pp. 395–400, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.027. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15223073/
    28. Qu, X. M., et al. “From Nitrate to Nitric Oxide: The Role of Salivary Glands and Oral Bacteria.” Journal of Dental Research, vol. 95, no. 13, 1 Dec. 2016, pp. 1452–1456, 10.1177/0022034516673019; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27872324/
    29. Eisenbrand, G., et al. “Nitrate and Nitrite in Saliva.” Oncology, vol. 37, no. 4, 1980, pp. 227–231, 10.1159/000225441; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7443155/
    30. Larsen, F; “Effects of dietary nitrate on oxygen cost during exercise”; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet; 2007; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17635415/
    31. Lansley, K; “Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of walking and running: a placebo-controlled study”; School of Sport and Health Sciences, Univ. of Exeter; 2011; https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.01070.2010
    32. Bailey, S; “Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of low-intensity exercise and enhances tolerance to high-intensity exercise in humans”; School of Sport and Health Sciences, Univ. of Exeter; 2009; https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.00722.2009
    33. Bescos, R; “Acute administration of inorganic nitrate reduces VO(2peak) in endurance athletes”; National Institute of Physical Education-Barcelona, University of Barcelona; 2011; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21407132/
    34. Le Roux-Mallouf, T., Pelen, F., et al. Aging; “Effect of chronic nitrate and citrulline supplementation on vascular function and exercise performance in older individuals.” 2019; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6555465/
    35. Fulford, J; “Influence of dietary nitrate supplementation on human skeletal muscle metabolism and force production during maximum voluntary contractions”; NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School; 2013; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23354414/
    36. Bailey, S; “Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances muscle contractile efficiency during knee-extensor exercise in humans”; School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter; 2010; https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.00046.2010
    37. Lundberg, J; “The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics”; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute; 2008; https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd2466
    38. Larsen, F; “Dietary inorganic nitrate improves mitochondrial efficiency in humans”; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet; 2011; https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(11)00005-2
    39. Thein, L A et al. “Ergogenic aids.” Physical therapy vol. 75,5 (1995): 426-39. doi:10.1093/ptj/75.5.426; https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article-abstract/75/5/426/2632902
    40. Cholewa, Jason M et al. “Effects of betaine on body composition, performance, and homocysteine thiolactone.” Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition vol. 10,1 39. 22 Aug. 2013, doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-39; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3844502/
    41. Boel De Paepe; “Osmolytes as Mediators of the Muscle Tissue’s Responses to Inflammation: Emerging Regulators of Myositis with Therapeutic Potential”; EMJ Rheumatol. 2017;4undefined:83-89; https://www.emjreviews.com/rheumatology/article/osmolytes-as-mediators-of-the-muscle-tissues-responses-to-inflammation-emerging-regulators-of-myositis-with-therapeutic-potential/
    42. Caldas, Teresa, et al. “Thermoprotection by Glycine Betaine and Choline.” Microbiology, vol. 145, no. 9, 1 Sept. 1999, pp. 2543–2548, 10.1099/00221287-145-9-2543; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10517607/
    43. Roti, M; “Homocysteine, Lipid and Glucose Responses to Betaine Supplementation During Running in the Heat”; Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: May 2003 – Volume 35 – Issue 5 – p S271; https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Fulltext/2003/05001/HOMOCYSTEINE,_LIPID_AND_GLUCOSE_RESPONSES_TO.1501.aspx
    44. Armstrong, Lawrence E, et al. “Influence of Betaine Consumption on Strenuous Running and Sprinting in a Hot Environment.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol. 22, no. 3, May 2008, pp. 851–860, 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31816a6efb; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18438230
    45. Hoffman, Jay R, et al. “Effect of Betaine Supplementation on Power Performance and Fatigue.” Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, vol. 6, no. 1, 27 Feb. 2009, 10.1186/1550-2783-6-7; https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1550-2783-6-7
    46. Lee, Elaine C, et al. “Ergogenic Effects of Betaine Supplementation on Strength and Power Performance.” Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, vol. 7, no. 1, 2010, p. 27, 10.1186/1550-2783-7-27; https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1550-2783-7-27
    47. Trepanowski, John F, et al. “The Effects of Chronic Betaine Supplementation on Exercise Performance, Skeletal Muscle Oxygen Saturation and Associated Biochemical Parameters in Resistance Trained Men.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol. 25, no. 12, Dec. 2011, pp. 3461–3471, 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318217d48d; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22080324/
    48. Pryor, J Luke, et al. “Effect of Betaine Supplementation on Cycling Sprint Performance.” Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, vol. 9, no. 1, 3 Apr. 2012, 10.1186/1550-2783-9-12; https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1550-2783-9-12
    49. Olthof, M. R., & Verhoef, P. (2005). Effects of betaine intake on plasma homocysteine concentrations and consequences for health. Current drug metabolism, 6(1), 15-22; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15720203
    50. Prasad K. Homocysteine, a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Angiol. 1999 Jan;8(1):76-86. doi: 10.1007/BF01616850; https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1007/BF01616850
    51. Trexler, E.T., Smith-Ryan, A.E., Stout, J.R. et al.; “International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine.”; J Int Soc Sports Nutr 12, 30 (2015); https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y
    52. Harris, R. C., et al. “The Absorption of Orally Supplied β-Alanine and Its Effect on Muscle Carnosine Synthesis in Human Vastus Lateralis.” Amino Acids, vol. 30, no. 3, 24 Mar. 2006, pp. 279–289, 10.1007/s00726-006-0299-9; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16554972/
    53. Dunnett, M., and R. C. Harris. “Influence of Oral ß-Alanine and L-Histidine Supplementation on the Carnosine Content of Thegluteus Medius.” Equine Veterinary Journal, vol. 31, no. S30, July 1999, pp. 499–504, 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05273.x; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10659307/
    54. Hobson, R M, et al; “Effects of β-Alanine Supplementation on Exercise Performance: a Meta-Analysis.”; Amino Acids; Springer Vienna; July 2012; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3374095/
    55. Saunders, Bryan, et al. “β-Alanine Supplementation to Improve Exercise Capacity and Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 51, no. 8, 18 Oct. 2016, pp. 658–669; https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/51/8/658.long
    56. Dolan, Eimear, et al. “A Systematic Risk Assessment and Meta-Analysis on the Use of Oral β-Alanine Supplementation.” Advances in Nutrition, vol. 10, no. 3, 13 Apr. 2019, pp. 452–463, 10.1093/advances/nmy115; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6520041/
    57. Strazzullo P., Leclercq C.; “Sodium.” Advanced Nutrition; March 2014; 5(2) 188-190; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951800/
    58. Valentine, V. 2007. “The Importance of Salt in the Athlete’s Diet.” Current Sports Medicine Reports vol. 6,4 (2007): 237-40. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17617999/
    59. Mullur, Rashmi et al. “Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism.” Physiological reviews vol. 94,2 (2014): 355-82. doi:10.1152/physrev.00030.2013; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4044302/
    60. Rousset, Bernard. “Chapter 2 Thyroid Hormone Synthesis And Secretion.” Endotext. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2 Sept. 2015; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285550/
    61. Wadden TA, Mason G, Foster GD, Stunkard AJ, Prange AJ. Effects of a very low calorie diet on weight, thyroid hormones and mood. Int J Obes. 1990 Mar;14(3):249-58; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2341229/
    62. Mishra, Akanksha, et al. “Physiological and Functional Basis of Dopamine Receptors and Their Role in Neurogenesis: Possible Implication for Parkinson’s Disease.” Journal of Experimental Neuroscience, vol. 12, Jan. 2018, p. 117906951877982, 10.1177/1179069518779829. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5985548/
    63. Rajeev Dalal, and Dejan Grujic. “Epinephrine.” Nih.gov, StatPearls Publishing, 2 Apr. 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482160/
    64. Smith, Matthew D, and Christopher V Maani. “Norepinephrine.” Nih.gov, StatPearls Publishing, 23 July 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537259/
    65. Ans, Armghan H, et al. “Neurohormonal Regulation of Appetite and Its Relationship with Stress: A Mini Literature Review.” Cureus, 23 July 2018, 10.7759/cureus.3032. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6150743/
    66. Attipoe, Selasi, et al. “Tyrosine for Mitigating Stress and Enhancing Performance in Healthy Adult Humans, a Rapid Evidence Assessment of the Literature.” Military Medicine, vol. 180, no. 7, July 2015, pp. 754–765, 10.7205/milmed-d-14-00594; https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/180/7/754/4160625
    67. Pomeroy, Diane E., et al. “A Systematic Review of the Effect of Dietary Supplements on Cognitive Performance in Healthy Young Adults and Military Personnel.” Nutrients, vol. 12, no. 2, 20 Feb. 2020, p. 545, 10.3390/nu12020545; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071459/
    68. Sanders LM, Zeisel SH; “Choline: Dietary Requirements and Role in Brain Development;” Nutrition today; 2007;42(4):181-186; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2518394/
    69. Sanders, Lisa M, and Steven H Zeisel. “Choline: Dietary Requirements and Role in Brain Development.” Nutrition today vol. 42,4 (2007): 181-186. doi:10.1097/01.NT.0000286155.55343.fa https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2518394/
    70. Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al.; “Neuroscience;” 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2001. Acetylcholine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11143/
    71. Hasselmo ME; “The role of acetylcholine in learning and memory;”Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2006;16(6):710–715; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2659740/
    72. Jones BE; “From waking to sleeping: neuronal and chemical substrates”. Trends Pharmacol. Sci.; 2005; 26 (11): 578–86; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16183137
    73. Naber, M., Hommel, B. & Colzato, L. Improved human visuomotor performance and pupil constriction after choline supplementation in a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Sci Rep 5, 13188 (2015). doi:10.1038/srep13188 https://www.nature.com/articles/srep13188
    74. Millington, W R et al. “Deanol acetamidobenzoate inhibits the blood-brain barrier transport of choline.” Annals of neurology vol. 4,4 (1978): 302-6. doi:10.1002/ana.410040403. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/727735/
    75. Haubrich DR, Gerber NH, Pflueger AB. Deanol affects choline metabolism in peripheral tissues of mice. J Neurochem. 1981 Aug;37(2):476-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb00480.x. PMID: 7264671. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7264671/
    76. Dimpfel W, Wedekind W, Keplinger I. Efficacy of dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) containing vitamin-mineral drug combination on EEG patterns in the presence of different emotional states. Eur J Med Res. 2003 May 30;8(5):183-91. PMID: 12844472. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12844472/
    77. Ikeda-Murakami K, Tani N, Ikeda T, Aoki Y, Ishikawa T. Central Nervous System Stimulants Limit Caffeine Transport at the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Feb 7;23(3):1862. doi: 10.3390/ijms23031862; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8836437/
    78. Nehlig A, Daval JL, Debry G.; “Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects”; Brain Res Rev. 1992;17(2):139-170. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1356551/
    79. Nehlig A, Daval JL, Debry G.; “Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects”; Brain Res Rev. 1992;17(2):139-170; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/016501739290012B
    80. Goldstein, E.R., Ziegenfuss, T., Kalman, D. et al.; “International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance.”; J Int Soc Sports Nutr 7, 5 (2010); https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1550-2783-7-5
    81. Diepvens, K et al; “Obesity and thermogenesis related to the consumption of caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea;” American Journal of Physiology; 2007; https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00832.2005
    82. Burke LM. Caffeine and sports performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2008 Dec;33(6):1319-34. doi: 10.1139/H08-130; https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/H08-130
    83. Norager, C B, et al; “Metabolic Effects of Caffeine Ingestion and Physical Work in 75-Year Old Citizens. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-over Study.”; Clinical Endocrinology; U.S. National Library of Medicine; Aug. 2006; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02579.x
    84. Collado-Mateo D, Lavín-Pérez AM, Merellano-Navarro E, Coso JD. Effect of Acute Caffeine Intake on the Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2020 Nov 24;12(12):3603. doi: 10.3390/nu12123603; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7760526/
    85. Cappelletti, Simone et al. “Caffeine: cognitive and physical performance enhancer or psychoactive drug?.” Current neuropharmacology vol. 13,1 (2015): 71-88. doi:10.2174/1570159X13666141210215655; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4462044/
    86. Kahathuduwa CN, Dassanayake TL, Amarakoon AMT, Weerasinghe VS. Acute effects of theanine, caffeine and theanine-caffeine combination on attention. Nutr Neurosci. 2017 Jul;20(6):369-377. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2016.1144845; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1028415X.2016.1144845
    87. McLellan TM, Caldwell JA, Lieberman HR. A review of caffeine’s effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016 Dec;71:294-312. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763416300690
    88. Klaassen EB, de Groot RH, Evers EA, Snel J, Veerman EC, Ligtenberg AJ, Jolles J, Veltman DJ. The effect of caffeine on working memory load-related brain activation in middle-aged males. Neuropharmacology. 2013 Jan;64:160-7. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.026; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0028390812002845
    89. Burke LM. Caffeine and sports performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2008 Dec;33(6):1319-34. doi: 10.1139/H08-130; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19088794/
    90. Jenkins, Nathan T., et al. “Ergogenic Effects of Low Doses of Caffeine on Cycling Performance.” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, vol. 18, no. 3, June 2008, pp. 328–42, doi:10.1123/ijsnem.18.3.328; https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ijsnem/18/3/article-p328.xml
    91. Strecker, Estevam. “The Effect of Caffeine Ingestion on Tennis Skill Performance and Hydration Status.” Auburn University; 15 May 2007; https://etd.auburn.edu//handle/10415/799
    92. Graham, T. E., and L. L. Spriet. “Performance and Metabolic Responses to a High Caffeine Dose during Prolonged Exercise.” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 71, no. 6, Dec. 1991, pp. 2292–2298, doi:10.1152/jappl.1991.71.6.2292; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1778925/
    93. Jacobson, B H, et al. “Effect of Caffeine on Maximal Strength and Power in Elite Male Athletes.” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 26, no. 4, 1 Dec. 1992, pp. 276–280, doi:10.1136/bjsm.26.4.276; https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/26/4/276.info
    94. Cox, Gregory R., et al. “Effect of Different Protocols of Caffeine Intake on Metabolism and Endurance Performance.” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 93, no. 3, Sept. 2002, pp. 990–999, doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00249.2002; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12183495/
    95. Green, J. Matt, et al. “Effects of Caffeine on Repetitions to Failure and Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Resistance Training.” International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, vol. 2, no. 3, Sept. 2007, pp. 250–259, doi:10.1123/ijspp.2.3.250; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19168925/
    96. Astorino, Todd A., et al. “Effect of Caffeine Ingestion on One-Repetition Maximum Muscular Strength.” European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 102, no. 2, 13 Sept. 2007, pp. 127–132, doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0557-x; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17851681/
    97. Woolf, Kathleen, et al. “The Effect of Caffeine as an Ergogenic Aid in Anaerobic Exercise.” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, vol. 18, no. 4, 2008, pp. 412–29, doi:10.1123/ijsnem.18.4.412; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18708685/
    98. Hudson, Geoffrey M, et al. “Effects of Caffeine and Aspirin on Light Resistance Training Performance, Perceived Exertion, and Pain Perception.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol. 22, no. 6, Nov. 2008, pp. 1950–1957, doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31818219cb; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18824931/
    99. Duncan, Michael J, and Samuel W Oxford. “The Effect of Caffeine Ingestion on Mood State and Bench Press Performance to Failure.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol. 25, no. 1, Jan. 2011, pp. 178–185, doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318201bddb; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21157384/
    100. Womack, Christopher J, et al. “The Influence of a CYP1A2 Polymorphism on the Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine.” Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, vol. 9, no. 1, 15 Mar. 2012, jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1550-2783-9-7, doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-7; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3334681/
    101. Duncan, Michael J., et al. “The Acute Effect of a Caffeine-Containing Energy Drink on Mood State, Readiness to Invest Effort, and Resistance Exercise to Failure.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol. 26, no. 10, Oct. 2012, pp. 2858–2865, doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318241e124; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22124354/
    102. Loy, Bryan D., et al. “Caffeine Is Ergogenic for Adenosine A2A Receptor Gene (ADORA2A) T Allele Homozygotes: A Pilot Study.” Journal of Caffeine Research, vol. 5, no. 2, June 2015, pp. 73–81, doi:10.1089/jcr.2014.0035; https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/jcr.2014.0035
    103. Pataky, M. W., et al. “Caffeine and 3-Km Cycling Performance: Effects of Mouth Rinsing, Genotype, and Time of Day.” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol. 26, no. 6, 9 June 2015, pp. 613–619, doi:10.1111/sms.12501; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26062916/
    104. Gonçalves, Lívia de Souza, et al. “Dispelling the Myth That Habitual Caffeine Consumption Influences the Performance Response to Acute Caffeine Supplementation.” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 123, no. 1, 1 July 2017, pp. 213–220, doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00260.2017; https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.00260.2017
    105. Reyes-Izquierdo, Tania, et al. “Modulatory Effect of Coffee Fruit Extract on Plasma Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Healthy Subjects.” The British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 110, no. 3, 28 Aug. 2013, pp. 420–425, 10.1017/S0007114512005338. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/modulatory-effect-of-coffee-fruit-extract-on-plasma-levels-of-brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor-in-healthy-subjects/8B291E8D053143AA5A8D33B65496B034
    106. Phillips, Cristy. “Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Depression, and Physical Activity: Making the Neuroplastic Connection.” Neural Plasticity, vol. 2017, 2017, pp. 1–17, 10.1155/2017/7260130; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5591905/
    107. Miranda, Magdalena, et al. “Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A Key Molecule for Memory in the Healthy and the Pathological Brain.” Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, vol. 13, 7 Aug. 2019, 10.3389/fncel.2019.00363; https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2019.00363/full
    108. Rentería I, García-Suárez PC, Fry AC, Moncada-Jiménez J, Machado-Parra JP, Antunes BM, Jiménez-Maldonado A. The Molecular Effects of BDNF Synthesis on Skeletal Muscle: A Mini-Review. Front Physiol. 2022 Jul 6;13:934714. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.934714; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9306488/
    109. Piepmeier, Aaron T., and Jennifer L. Etnier. “Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as a Potential Mechanism of the Effects of Acute Exercise on Cognitive Performance.” Journal of Sport and Health Science, vol. 4, no. 1, 1 Mar. 2015, pp. 14–23; 10.1016/j.jshs.2014.11.001; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095254614001161
    110. PubChem. “Theobromine.” Nih.gov, PubChem, 2019, https://www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Theobromine
    111. ‌Barokah, Liberty, et al. “Protective Effect of Theobroma Cacao on Nitric Oxide and Endothelin-1 Level in Endothelial Cells Induced by Plasma from Preeclamptic Patients: In Silico and in Vitro Studies.” European Journal of Integrative Medicine, vol. 8, no. 1, 1 Feb. 2016, pp. 73–78; 10.1016/j.eujim.2015.11.023; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876382015300639
    112. Yoneda, Mitsugu et al. “Theobromine up-regulates cerebral brain-derived neurotrophic factor and facilitates motor learning in mice.” The Journal of nutritional biochemistry vol. 39 (2017): 110-116. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.10.002 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955-2863(16)30105-X
    113. Valsecchi, Federica et al. “cAMP and mitochondria.” Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) vol. 28,3 (2013): 199-209. doi:10.1152/physiol.00004.2013 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870303/
    114. ‌Aslam, Muhammad, and Yury Ladilov. “Emerging Role of cAMP/AMPK Signaling.” Cells vol. 11,2 308. 17 Jan. 2022, doi:10.3390/cells11020308; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8774420/
    115. Coleman, William F. “Chocolate: Theobromine and Caffeine.” Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 81, no. 8, Aug. 2004, p. 1232 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed081p1232
    116. Mitchell, E S et al. “Differential contributions of theobromine and caffeine on mood, psychomotor performance and blood pressure.” Physiology & behavior vol. 104,5 (2011): 816-22. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.07.027 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938411003799
    117. Baggott, Matthew J et al. “Psychopharmacology of theobromine in healthy volunteers.” Psychopharmacology vol. 228,1 (2013): 109-18. doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3021-0 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3672386/
    118. Cantó, Carles, et al. “NAD+ Metabolism and the Control of Energy Homeostasis: A Balancing Act between Mitochondria and the Nucleus.” Cell Metabolism, vol. 22, no. 1, July 2015, pp. 31–53, 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.023; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4487780/
    119. Chini, Claudia C.S., et al. “NAD and the Aging Process: Role in Life, Death and Everything in Between.” Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 455, Nov. 2017, pp. 62–74, 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.003; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5419884/
    120. Yang, Yue, and Anthony A. Sauve. “NAD+ Metabolism: Bioenergetics, Signaling and Manipulation for Therapy.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 1864, no. 12, 1 Dec. 2016, pp. 1787–1800, 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.06.014; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5521000/
    121. Rajman, Luis, et al. “Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The in Vivo Evidence.” Cell Metabolism, vol. 27, no. 3, Mar. 2018, pp. 529–547, 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.011; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6342515/
    122. Katsyuba, Elena, et al. “NAD + Homeostasis in Health and Disease.” Nature Metabolism, vol. 2, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2020, pp. 9–31, 10.1038/s42255-019-0161-5; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32694684/
    123. Chini, Claudia C.S., et al. “Evolving Concepts in NAD+ Metabolism.” Cell Metabolism, vol. 33, no. 6, June 2021, pp. 1076–1087, 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.04.003; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8172449/
    124. Weiner, H., and X. Wang. “Aldehyde Dehydrogenase and Acetaldehyde Metabolism.” Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). Supplement, vol. 2, 1994, pp. 141–145; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8974328/
    125. Wanders, Desiree et al. “Niacin increases adiponectin and decreases adipose tissue inflammation in high fat diet-fed mice.” PloS one vol. 8,8 e71285. 13 Aug. 2013, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071285 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3742781/
    126. Achari, Arunkumar E, and Sushil K Jain. “Adiponectin, a Therapeutic Target for Obesity, Diabetes, and Endothelial Dysfunction.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 18,6 1321. 21 Jun. 2017, doi:10.3390/ijms18061321 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5486142/
    127. “Adiponectin – an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics.” sciencedirect.com. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/adiponectin
    128. Zatterale F, Longo M, Naderi J, Raciti GA, Desiderio A, Miele C and Beguinot F (2020) Chronic Adipose Tissue Inflammation Linking Obesity to Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes. Front. Physiol. 10:1607. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01607 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2019.01607/full
    129. Shorter KR, Felder MR, Vrana PB. Consequences of dietary methyl donor supplements: Is more always better? Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2015 Jul;118(1-2):14-20. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.03.007. Epub 2015 Apr 2. PMID: 25841986. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0079-6107(15)00043-7
    130. da Silva, Weslay Rodrigues et al. “Recognition and management of vitamin B12 deficiency: Report of four cases with oral manifestations.” Special care in dentistry : official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry vol. 42,4 (2022): 410-415. doi:10.1111/scd.12685 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/scd.12685
    131. Langan, Robert C, and Andrew J Goodbred. “Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Recognition and Management.” American family physician vol. 96,6 (2017): 384-389. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0915/p384.html
    132. Ankar, Alex, and Anil Kumar. “Vitamin B12 Deficiency (Cobalamin).” Nih.gov, StatPearls Publishing, 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441923/

    Comments and Discussion (Powered by the PricePlow Forum)