Inspired Nutraceuticals LGND: V3 of the Legendary Muscle Builder

Inspired Nutraceuticals LGND V3

If you’ve been following the supplement industry’s sports nutrition niche, you’ll know that we’ve seen the resurgence of some powerful plant extracts in the muscle building market. You’ll also know that Chris Waldrum sold Inspired Nutraceuticals, and the company is now run by Landon Suggs, who explained his vision in Episode #096 of the PricePlow Podcast.

Inspired Nutraceuticals’ LGND Plant-Based Anabolic Returns

Should you listen to the interview, you’ll no doubt agree with us that Landon is an intense guy, in the best possible definition of the word. The good news is that Inspired’s formulation approach matches his personal intensity. So, when it comes to something like muscle builders – one of the most serious and competitive categories in the supplement market – you’d expect Inspired to pull out all the stops.

And you’d be right.

The Inspired Nutraceuticals LGND muscle-building supplement was originally launched in 2016, and has seen a few versions over the years. This new release in 2023, however, is one of the most serious formulas we’ve seen in a long time. It’s jam-packed with clinical doses of awesome anabolic agents and T-boosters, but also offers substantial fat burning support to maintain healthy body composition and hormone balance in the long run.

There’s a lot to discuss, so let’s jump right into the nitty gritty. But first, check the PricePlow news and deals:

Inspired Nutraceuticals LGND – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

Get Price Alerts

No spam, no scams.

Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

This area is reserved for Team PricePlow's upcoming Product Update video.

Subscribe to our channel and sign up for notifications so you catch it when it goes live!

Subscribe to PricePlow on YouTube!

Inspired LGND 2023 Ingredients

In a single 4-capsule serving of LGND Plant-Based Anabolic from Inspired Nutraceuticals, you get the following:

Inspired Nutraceuticals LGND 2023 Ingredients

  • KSM-66 (as Organic Ashwagandha Extract) (Withania somnifera) (root) – 800 mg

    Ashwagandha functions as an adaptogen, meaning it assists the body in maintaining hormonal equilibrium. An adaptogen can increase levels of a specific hormone when it’s too low and decrease it when levels are too high. This unique context-dependent action makes adaptogens powerfully versatile tools for enhancing overall well-being and optimizing both mental and physical performance.

    In a 2012 study, 64 adults showed a 28% reduction in serum cortisol levels after consuming 600 milligrams of KSM-66 organic ashwagandha extract for 60 days. Note, that’s actually a smaller dose than what’s used in LGND. What made this study particularly compelling was its use of both subjective and objective stress assessments – participants completed a questionnaire about their perceived stress levels and took a cortisol blood test.[1] KSM-66 was shown to positively impact both the questionnaire scores and subjects’ cortisol levels.[1]

    Ashwagandha and Testosterone

    Other research has demonstrated that ashwagandha’s impact on cortisol is big enough to positively affect male fertility.[2]

    Given the link between sperm quality and hormones, it probably won’t surprise you to learn that ashwagandha’s anti-cortisol effect makes it a potent testosterone booster as well. Since cortisol and testosterone exert opposing effects, reducing one usually increases the other, and ashwagandha research consistently shows double-digit percentage point increases in serum testosterone. One study, for instance, demonstrated increases ranging from 14% to 40%,[3] while another found a rise of 10% to 22%.[4]

    Nor is ashwagandha’s capacity to increase testosterone confined to only men with a low testosterone baseline. Ashwagandha has been shown to also increase testosterone levels in active, young, and healthy men — a population that typically has robust testosterone production to begin with.[4]

    Possibly related to its testosterone-boosting effects is ashwagandha’s ability to enhance athletic performance. Benefits such as increased power output,[5] enhanced VO2max,[5] and improved one-rep max[4] have been observed with ashwagandha supplementation.

    Why Choose KSM-66?

    KSM-66

    Made by Ixoreal Biomed, KSM-66 is claimed to be the strongest full-spectrum Ashwagandha extract!

    NutraBio’s KSM-66 sets the gold standard for ashwagandha, thanks in large part to the rigorous independent laboratory testing conducted on each production batch. When it comes to optimizing hormone levels, eliminating endocrine-disrupting compounds is crucial, making purity a top concern in testosterone-boosting supplements like ashwagandha extract. That’s why we wholeheartedly endorse the use of KSM-66 in LGND, rather than opting for a mysterious, untested ashwagandha extract.

    To delve deeper into what makes KSM-66 so exceptional, you can explore our article on NutraBio KSM-66 Ashwagandha: Trusted and Tested Ashwagandha for Everyone.

  • Phytosterol (as Ajuga turkestanica extract (whole herb) and Smilax extract (Similax sieboldii L.) (root) – 500 mg

    Ajuga turkestanica is a rising star in the anabolic nutraceutical market. It’s rich in phytoecdysteroids, a class of phytochemicals that help orchestrate growth, development, and reproduction of the plants in which they naturally occur.

    Inspired Nutraceuticals LGND 2023

    Phytoecdysteroids resemble the human hormone testosterone in their structure and function. like testosterone, they’re synthesized from cholesterol.[6] More specifically, A. turkestanica is the industry source for turkesterone, a phytoecdysteroid with exceptional anabolic effects, even compared to other bioactive constituents in its class.

    When we’re talking about turkesterone, there’s sometimes a little terminological confusion. That’s because the word “turkesterone” is commonly used to refer to either the whole-plant A. turkestanica extract, or the phytoecdysteroid molecule turkesterone, which is just one constituent part of that extract. That’s because A. turkestanica extracts are almost always standardized for the turkesterone molecule, and are thus referred to as turkesterone for short.

    What we like about LGND’s use of Phytosterol is that it’s not marketed here as turkesterone. This is honest and it doesn’t short-change the power of A. turkestanica, a plant that naturally contains many additional powerful phytoecdysteroids.

    A. turkestanica’s ample phytoecdysteroid arsenal

    There are eight known phytoecdysteroids in A. turkestanica.[7] Ecdysterone and turkesterone are only two. It’s possible there may even be more than eight. Researchers believe that additional studies may allow for the isolation of additional bioactive compounds in A. turkestanica.[7]

    Among the many phytoecdysteroids that occur naturally in A turkestanica, several have been shown to inhibit estrogen by blocking its action on the estrogen receptor. Because this increases the body’s serum testosterone-to-estrogen ratio, it can ultimately have anabolic effects.[8,9]

    One study from 2014 found that rats who took phytoecdysteroids experienced a significant drop in their blood estrogen level.[9]

    Turkesterone vs. Testosterone

    The molecular structures of Turkesterone and Testosterone… they look like relatives!

    Whenever we’re talking about a compound that can modulate hormone signaling, we want to be sure that it won’t disrupt the body’s natural endogenous hormone production or equilibrium. That’s why it’s remarkable that, despite their structural and functional similarity to androgens, phytoecdysteroids have a relatively low affinity for androgen receptors[8,10] and don’t cause the downregulation of natural testosterone synthesis from anabolic steroid use.

    To understand how this can be the case, let’s talk about the best-researched phytoecdysteroid, ecdysterone (sometimes referred to as 20HE).

    This discussion is a great illustration of phytoecdysteroids’ general properties and, relevant to Phytosterol, since ecdysterone does occur naturally in A. turkestanica.

    Ecdysterone/20HE

    The many animal studies on ecdysterone have done a great job illustrating how the phytoecdysteroid can decrease serum estrogen while increasing serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), leading to bigger muscle fibers.[8,9]

    A research review from the late 90s echoed conclusions of individual studies, finding that ecdysterone possessed significant anabolic properties in rats. The same review looked at turkesterone as well and, remarkably, presented some evidence that ecdysterone and turkesterone can even outperform anabolic steroids![11]

    But besides animal studies, there have been lots of human studies on ecdysterone – one great example is a 2019 study on German college students that demonstrated ecdysterone’s dose-dependent anabolic properties.[12]

    Ecdysterone Strength

    Ecdysterone increased strength gains in collegiate male weightlifters[12]

    Ecdysterone Body Weight Muscle Mass

    Ecdysterone increased muscle mass gains in collegiate male weightlifters[12]

    The results of this experiment were so striking that, in their closing remarks, the authors proposed that the World Anti-Doping Agency should ban ecdysterone from use by competitive athletes![12] Other researchers have echoed this conclusion.[8]

    Turkesterone: not as well researched, but insane potential

    As remarkable as ecdysterone is – and remember, it occurs naturally in the whole-plant extract of A. turkestanica – there’s a possibility that turkesterone may be even more anabolic!

    Unfortunately, compared to ecdysterone, the research on turkesterone is still quite limited. To understand why people have been making such a big deal out of this phytoecdysteroid, we have to talk about a 1998 study conducted by the Academy of Sciences in Uzbekistan.

    In that study, a variety of anabolic agents were given to exercising rats in order to assess the impact each substance had on muscle growth. The results were astonishing: Turkesterone led to greater muscle growth than did methandrostenolone, an anabolic steroid commonly known as dbol.[13] The fact that dbol ranks among the most potent anabolic steroids available really underscores the incredible potential of turkesterone.

    Turkesterone vs. dbol

    The anabolic effects of turkesterone were greater than those of dbol in rats![13]

    We say potential because, as amazing as this study was, it has not yet, to our knowledge, been replicated. And, unfortunately, when it comes to turkesterone, that’s pretty much all the research we have to discuss. But given the enormous volume of evidence supporting ecdysterone, you can rest assured that this ecdysterone-containing A. turkestanica extract will work.

    Smilax extract is usually standardized for laxogenin, a brassinosteroid that occurs naturally in a few types of plants from the Smilax genus, including the Smilax sieboldii.[4]

    About brassinosteroids

    But A. turkestanica extract is only one part of Phytosterol. This ingredient also contains an extract of Smilax (Similax sieboldii).

    Smilax is rich in brassinosteroids, another category of plant-derived steroid molecules that are very close in structure and function to phytoecdysteroids.[14] Like phytoecdysteroids, brassinosteroids help coordinate growth and development in plants,[15] and are so named because they were first isolated from the genus Brassica,[16] which includes broccoli, cauliflower, brussel sprouts, and kale.

    Much like phytoecdysteroids, brassinosteroids exert significant anabolic effects without the hormonal downregulation that can be caused by anabolic steroid use.[17]

    Brassinosteroids are also currently legal inside and outside of athletic competition.

    Animal studies show that laxogenin, one of the better-known brassinosteroids and chief bioactive constituent of smilax, can promote muscle growth while causing minimal side effects of any kind.[17,25] It also appears to be a great anti-catabolic agent, meaning it helps spare existing muscle tissue from being catabolized (broken down).[17,25]

    Laxogenin may also accelerate recovery from exercise, decrease serum cortisol, and reduce systemic inflammation.[26]

  • Longjack Extract 100:1 (Euroycoma longifolia) (root) – 300 mg

    Longjack, sometimes referred to as tongkat ali, has been one of the industry’s go-to testosterone boosters for at least a decade. It’s long been recognized as an aphrodisiac in various systems of folk medicine, a benefit that’s been validated in recent years by peer-reviewed research studies.

    One of these studies, published in 2012, concluded that longjack can improve sperm motility and libido by 44% and 14%, respectively.[27] Note that this study used a 300 milligram daily dose, the same amount used in LGND.

    A 2022 meta-analysis on longjack, which included five different randomized controlled trials, found that most men can expect a significant boost in testosterone production from longjack supplementation. Importantly, this result applied equally to hypogonadal (low-testosterone) and healthy men alike.[28]

    However, research so far is mixed – a 2014 randomized controlled trial found no effect on urinary testosterone-to-estrogen (T:E),[29] and an earlier, 2017 meta-analysis concluded that more research is needed before longjack can be established as a testosterone booster.[30]

    Other benefits

    Longjack also contains powerful antioxidants and can have anti-anxiety, anti-diabetic, and anti-proliferative effects.[31]

  • 3,3′-Diindolylmethane (DIM) – 150 mg

    Inspired Nutraceuticals LGND 2023 Now Available

    Diindolylmethane (DIM) is a metabolite of indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a compound that’s found in cruciferous vegetables.[32] The human body naturally produces DIM from I3C in the gut,[33,34] but direct supplementation has been shown to benefit health in a number of ways.

    First, DIM is a potent inhibitor of aromatase, an enzyme that converts testosterone into estradiol estrogen.[33] This is thanks to DIM’s affinity for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR),[35] which exerts an antagonistic effect on estrogen receptors when activated. By inhibiting aromatase through the use of supplements like DIM, it’s possible to improve the body’s testosterone-to-estrogen ratio, which has masculinizing and anabolic effects.

    Second, DIM can also increase the production of healthy estrogens over harmful ones. More specifically, DIM has been shown to upregulate 2-hydroxylated estrogens while downregulating 16-hydroxylated and 4-hydroxylated forms.[36-39] Since 2-hydroxylated estrogens are associated with a wide range of positive health effects,[40,41] the opposite is the case for 16- and 4-hydroxylated forms.

    The 2-hydroxylated estrogens are associated with, among other things, reduced body fat and increased muscle mass,[42] two effects that you definitely want to see from an anabolic supplement like LGND.

  • PurpleForce Purple Tea Extract (Camellia sinensis) (leaf) – 100 mg

    PurpleForce purple tea extract is a unique strain of Camellia sinensis deliberately cultivated to contain high concentrations of anthocyanins, which are a group of pigment phenols known for their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Anthocyanins naturally occur in berries and beets and exhibit red, blue, or purple coloration.

    Enhancing endurance

    Research has demonstrated that regular green and black tea variants, both derived from Camellia sinensis, have the ability to increase nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by enhancing the activity of endothelial antioxidant compounds.[29] Since elevated NO levels are linked to improved athletic performance, it’s reasonable to expect similar effects from purple tea. After all, purple tea is essentially ordinary true tea, but infused with anthocyanins. PurpleForce is relatively new, so while research specific to this beverage is limited, preliminary studies seem to support that hypothesis.

    PurpleForce Logo

    In one randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, participants who received PurpleForce had lower serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase following exercise. Given that lactate dehydrogenase is responsible for breaking down lactic acid, this decreased physiological demand for lactic acid metabolism suggests that the subjects also had reduced levels of lactic acid itself.[43]

    PurpleForce

    PurpleForce is a novel Purple Tea Extract that contains more bioactive constituents than other forms of tea, namely the patented AMPK-boosting GHG, which can lead to increased cellular energy for greater performance and body composition. It’s distributed by Maypro Industries and developed by Oryza Oil and Fat Chemicals Co. Ltd.

    This matters for athletic performance because lactic acid accumulation in muscle tissue contributes to muscular fatigue. Thus, minimizing lactic buildup can increase athletic endurance. That’s exactly what this study demonstrated. The Purple Force group showed greater athletic endurance compared to the placebo group.[43] Intriguingly, they also reported a greater willingness to engage in exercise,[43] a factor of considerable importance for adhering to an exercise regimen.

    GHG and its impact on fat metabolism

    Another distinctive feature of purple tea, compared the typical Camellia sinensis varieties, is that the former contains 1,2-di-Galloyl-4,6-Hexahydroxydipheno yl–D-Glucose, abbreviated as GHG.[44]

    GHG has been shown to possess anti-obesity and anti-aging effects.[44] For instance, GHG appears to inhibit the absorption of dietary fat, as demonstrated in a 2015 study where subjects received 100 milligrams of purple tea extract daily for one month. At the conclusion of the study, those taking purple tea displayed significantly less subcutaneous fat in their abdominal and upper arm regions, accompanied by an increase in lean body mass.[45]

    Inspired Nutraceuticals LGND V3

    In another study where men simply drank purple tea while researchers monitored their health, improvements were observed in the following parameters:[46,47]

    • BMI[46]
    • Body weight[46]
    • Body fat percentage[46]
    • Abdominal fat[46]
    • Waist and hip circumference[46]

    Although research on this topic is still somewhat limited, the initial findings appear promising.

    According to Maypro Industries, the distributor of PurpleForce, this ingredient also has the potential to enhance the body’s expression of AMPK.[47] AMPK is essentially an on-demand energy enzyme responsible for cranking up cellular metabolism, which can increase your calorie burn.[48]

    Learn more about it in our article, PurpleForce: AMPK-Boosting Purple Tea Extract with Patented GHG®.

  • 4′,5,7,-Trihydroxyflavone (Apigenin) – 50 mg

    Apigenin is a flavonoid that can activate benzodiazepine receptors, leading to a state of relaxation and reduced anxiety.[49] In fact, it’s been proposed that apigenin is the bioactive constituent that’s responsible for chamomile’s sedative effects.,[50,51] a well-known over-the-counter sleep aid frequently discussed on the PricePlow Blog.

    While chamomile extracts are sometimes standardized for apigenin content, Inspired has opted for pure apigenin. This is a wise decision, considering that chamomile contains approximately 1% apigenin by weight. To achieve the clinical, 50-milligram dose of apigenin, you’d need to take about 6 grams of whole chamomile — [51] an impractically large dose.

    Apigenin: an aromatase inhibitor

    While apigenin’s anxiolytic and sleep-promoting effects are of potential value to anyone, it’s in LGND because of its ability to increase fat burning and and improve metabolic health.

    It is relatively common knowledge that being overweight can upregulate aromatase,[52] an enzyme that converts androgens (such as testosterone) into estradiol (a potent form of estrogen).[53]

    Inspired Nutraceuticals LGND V3

    What is discussed far less frequently is the bidirectional relationship: elevated estrogen levels can also contribute to unwanted weight gain.[54,55]Some theorists even suggest that estrogen dominance may be the primary cause of obesity.[55]

    In light of this, it’s reassuring to know that apigenin is a potent natural aromatase inhibitor.[56]

    Aromatase-inhibiting supplements are especially valuable in today’s world where estrogen dominance is a growing public health burden.[57] Unfortunately, our environment is increasingly filled with synthetic xenoestrogen compounds, which mimic the actions of natural estrogens by activating the same estrogen receptors as endogenous estrogens.[58]

    While apigenin’s aromatase-inhibiting effects may not rival those of pharmaceutical aromatase inhibitors, a little extra inhibition of aromatase is generally considered beneficial. That being said, it is possible to overdo estrogen downregulation, so it’s essential to consult your doctor if you’re unsure where your estrogen levels fall on the physiological spectrum.

  • EpiFlower (as Epimedium Extract std. 20% Icariins) (Epimedium sagittatum) (aerial) – 50 mg

    “Horny goat weed” (HGW) is the informal name for several herbs in the Epimedium genus.[59]

    Epimedium plants have a longstanding history in traditional Chinese medicine for addressing poor sexual function.[60] They are believed to enhance libido, increase arousal, and potentially influence hormonal balance.

    Inspired DVST8 DARK

    Be sure to check out the latest pre-workout from Inspired in DVST8 DARK

    Modern scientific research has corroborated these assertions by identifying icariin as the primary bioactive compound in HGW. Icariin is a known phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor, a class of vasodilating drugs that specifically enhance blood circulation in small blood vessels, including those surrounding penile tissue.[61-64]

    Icariin also upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS),[65,66] an enzyme responsible for arterial nitric oxide (NO) production. Given that increased NO is an important trigger for erections in men,[67] the augmentation of NO production can lead to improved sexual function.

    In studies involving rats, icariin has been observed to boost testosterone production, mimic the effects of testosterone, and protect the gonads and penile tissue from damage caused by toxic substances.[68]

    Besides improving androgen signaling, icariin also seems to possess anabolic and anti-catabolic effects,[69] which isn’t terribly surprising since these are also properties of androgens themselves.

    Although human evidence on icariin’s ability to build muscle is currently lacking, in vitro and and animal studies have demonstrated that icariin can downregulate genes associated with muscular atrophy, while activating key anabolic pathways such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).[70,71]

    Effect of exercise and icariin-zinc on the plasma testosterone content of rats (n = 8, mean ± SD). *p < 0.05 vs. Control; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 vs. exercise; & p < 0.05, && p < 0.01 vs. G-Zn.

    Icariin (ICA) significantly increased testosterone synthesis in male rats – even more than zinc gluconate (G-Zn). A complex of ICA and zinc (ICA-Zn) boosted T even further than either supplement alone.[72]

    Perhaps the most remarkable icariin study to date, published in 2022, found that bilaterally orchidectomized rats – that is, rats who had both testicles removed – were partially protected from muscle wasting by icariin supplementation.[73] This implies that, much like phytoecdysteroids and brassinosteroids, icariin activates an anabolic mechanism that is functionally independent of androgen signaling.

    Another study found that, besides significantly increasing exercise tolerance, as measured by a forced swimming test, icariin also increased serum testosterone level in rats.[72]

  • AstraGin (as Panax notoginseng (root) and Rosa roxburghii (fruit)) – 50 mg

    AstraGin, developed by NuLiv Science, is a patented bioavailability-enhancing ingredient.[74-78] Its mechanism of action is to facilitate intestinal cells’ synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is fuel they use to absorb nutrients from the food and supplements you consume.

    By enhancing the function of intestinal cells, AstraGin also increases the absorption and utilization of whatever you take in conjunction with it – which in this case, is every other ingredient in the LGND formula. This means that you get more bang for every buck you spend on LGND, thanks to AstraGin.

    Consistent use of AstraGin may also improve intestinal health over time.[79]

  • Bioperine (as Black Pepper Extract) (Piper nigrum) (fruit) – 5 mg

    Bioperine

    Piperine, the primary bioactive constituent of BioPerine black pepper extract, inhibits stomach enzymes that break down nutrients. As a result of piperine ingestion, nutrients that would ordinarily be degraded prematurely can transit your stomach intact and be absorbed in your bloodstream where they have bioactive effects.[80]

    Piperine is also an antioxidant,[81] can also make your cells more insulin sensitive by upregulating glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4),[82] and helps prevent fatty tissue from building up in your liver.[83]

Dosage and Directions

Take four capsules daily. If you do an AM/PM supplement split, feel free to split 2 capsules in each dose. On workout days, however, you can also consider all four capsules pre-workout to get some of the additional pump effects from EpiFlow icariin.

Inspired Nutra FSU Serum Island Vibes

Inspired Nutra FSU Serum is sure to get you pumped up!

Conclusion: Landon Suggs’ Inspired Nutra is Playing for Keeps

Besides T-boosting mainstays like longjack and ashwagandha, Inspired brings some ingredients that are more out of left field, like apigenin and icariin. We especially like seeing Phytosterol – pairing phytoecdysteroids and brassinosteroids in the same ingredient makes a lot of sense given their similar structure and function.

We’re extremely excited with what Landon and his team are doing at Inspired Nutra — FSU Serum and DVST8 Dark were just the beginning. Get signed up for our Inspired Nutraceuticals news below – we know there’s a ton more stuff coming, and it’s all extremely novel:

Inspired Nutraceuticals LGND – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

Get Price Alerts

No spam, no scams.

Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

About the Author: Mike Roberto

Mike Roberto

Mike Roberto is a research scientist and water sports athlete who founded PricePlow. He is an n=1 diet experimenter with extensive experience in supplementation and dietary modification, whose personal expertise stems from several experiments done on himself while sharing lab tests.

Mike's goal is to bridge the gap between nutritional research scientists and non-academics who seek to better their health in a system that has catastrophically failed the public. Mike is currently experimenting with a low Vitamin A diet.

1 Comment | Posted in | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

References

  1. Chandrasekhar, K, et al; “A Prospective, Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Safety and Efficacy of a High-Concentration Full-Spectrum Extract of Ashwagandha Root in Reducing Stress and Anxiety in Adults.”; Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports; U.S. National Library of Medicine; July 2012; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23439798
  2. Mahdi, Abbas Ali et al; “Withania somnifera Improves Semen Quality in Stress-Related Male Fertility”; Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM, vol. 2011; 576962; 18 Jun. 2011; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136684/
  3. Ahmad, M K, et al; “Withania Somnifera Improves Semen Quality by Regulating Reproductive Hormone Levels and Oxidative Stress in Seminal Plasma of Infertile Males.”; Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports; U.S. National Library of Medicine; Aug. 2010; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501822
  4. Wankhede, Sachin et al; “Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trial”; Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition; vol. 12 43; 25 Nov. 2015; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4658772/
  5. Sandhu, Jaspal Singh et al; “Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna) on physical performance and cardiorespiratory endurance in healthy young adults.”; International journal of Ayurveda research; vol. 1,3; 2010; 144-9; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2996571/
  6. Das, Niranjan, et al. “The Phytochemical, Biological, and Medicinal Attributes of Phytoecdysteroids: An Updated Review.” Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, vol. 11, no. 7, 1 July 2021, pp. 1740–1766; 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.012; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211383520307644
  7. Guibout L, Mamadalieva N, Balducci C, Girault JP, Lafont R. The minor ecdysteroids from Ajuga turkestanica. Phytochem Anal. 2015 Sep-Oct;26(5):293-300. doi: 10.1002/pca.2563. Epub 2015 May 8; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25953625/
  8. ‌Parr MK, Botrè F, Naß A, Hengevoss J, Diel P, Wolber G; “Ecdysteroids: A novel class of anabolic agents?” Biol Sport. 2015 Jun;32(2):169-73. doi: 10.5604/20831862.1144420; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4447764/
  9. Parr MK, Zhao P, Haupt O, Ngueu ST, Hengevoss J, Fritzemeier KH, Piechotta M, Schlörer N, Muhn P, Zheng WY, Xie MY, Diel P. “Estrogen receptor beta is involved in skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by the phytoecdysteroid ecdysterone”; Mol Nutr Food Res. 2014 Sep;58(9):1861-72. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201300806; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24974955/
  10. Gorelick-Feldman, Jonathan, et al. “Phytoecdysteroids Increase Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle Cells.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 56, no. 10, May 2008, pp. 3532–3537, 10.1021/jf073059z; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18444661/
  11. Syrov, V. N. “Comparative Experimental Investigation of the Anabolic Activity of Phytoecdysteroids and Steranabols.” Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, vol. 34, no. 4, Apr. 2000, pp. 193–197, 10.1007/bf02524596; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02524596
  12. Isenmann, Eduard, et al. “Ecdysteroids as Non-Conventional Anabolic Agent: Performance Enhancement by Ecdysterone Supplementation in Humans.” Archives of Toxicology, vol. 93, no. 7, 23 May 2019, pp. 1807–1816, 10.1007/s00204-019-02490-x; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00204-019-02490-x
  13. Mamatkhanov, A. U., et al. “Isolation of Turkesterone from the Epigeal Part OfAjuga Turkestanica and Its Anabolic Activity.” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 34, no. 2, 1 Mar. 1998, pp. 150–154, 10.1007/BF02249133; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02249133
  14. Tarkowská, Danuše et al. “Plant Triterpenoid Crosstalk: The Interaction of Brassinosteroids and Phytoecdysteroids in Lepidium sativum.” Plants (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 9,10 1325. 7 Oct. 2020, doi:10.3390/plants9101325 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7600875/
  15. Vriet C, Lemmens K, Vandepoele K, Reuzeau C, Russinova E. Evolutionary trails of plant steroid genes. Trends Plant Sci. 2015 May;20(5):301-308. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.03.006. Epub 2015 Apr 8. PMID: 25861757. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25861757/
  16. Stansell, Zachary et al. “Genotyping-by-sequencing of Brassica oleracea vegetables reveals unique phylogenetic patterns, population structure and domestication footprints.” Horticulture research vol. 5 38. 1 Jul. 2018, doi:10.1038/s41438-018-0040-3 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6026498/
  17. Esposito D, Komarnytsky S, Shapses S, Raskin I; “Anabolic effect of plant brassinosteroid”; The FASEB Journal; 2011; 25(10):3708-3719; https://www.fasebj.org/doi/abs/10.1096/fj.11-181271
  18. United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA); “FDA Sends Warning Letters to Multiple Companies for Illegally Selling Adulterated Dietary Supplements”; FDA.gov; 9 May 2022; https://web.archive.org/web/20220510214905/https://www.fda.gov/food/cfsan-constituent-updates/fda-sends-warning-letters-multiple-companies-illegally-selling-adulterated-dietary-supplements
  19. United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA); “Warning Letter to Advanced Nutritional Supplements LLC”; FDA.gov; 4 May 2022; https://web.archive.org/web/20220510015727/https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/advanced-nutritional-supplements-llc-622055-05042022
  20. United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA); “Warning Letter to Exclusive Nutrition Products, LLC”; FDA.gov; 4 May 2022; https://web.archive.org/web/20220510015720/https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/exclusive-nutrition-products-llc-622053-05042022
  21. United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA); “Warning Letter to Performax Labs Inc”; FDA.gov; 4 May 2022; https://web.archive.org/web/20220510015729/https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/performax-labs-inc-622337-05042022
  22. United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA); “Warning Letter to Complete Nutrition”; FDA.gov; 4 May 2022; https://web.archive.org/web/20220510015727/https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/complete-nutrition-622373-05042022
  23. United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA); “Warning Letter to New York Nutrition Company”; FDA.gov; 4 May 2022; https://web.archive.org/web/20220510015729/https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/new-york-nutrition-company-621839-05042022
  24. United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA); “Warning Letter to Steel Supplements Inc”; FDA.gov; 4 May 2022; https://web.archive.org/web/20220518232041/https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/steel-supplements-inc-622405-05042022
  25. Syrov, V. N., & Kurmukov, A. G; “Experimental study of the anabolic activity of 6-ketoderivatives of certain natural sapogenins”; Farmakologiia i toksikologiia; 39(5), 631-635; 1975; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1028596
  26. Fasciola, Andre Armel; “Phytosterol spirostane and spirostene derivatives having a wide variety of utilities in humans and other animals”; US Patent & Trademark Office; September 18, 2014; https://patents.google.com/patent/US20140274978A1/en
  27. Ismail, Shaiful Bahari, et al. “Randomized Clinical Trial on the Use of PHYSTA Freeze-Dried Water Extract of Eurycoma Longifolia for the Improvement of Quality of Life and Sexual Well-Being in Men.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2012, 1 Nov. 2012, p. e429268, 10.1155/2012/429268; https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2012/429268/
  28. Leisegang, Kristian et al. “Eurycoma longifolia (Jack) Improves Serum Total Testosterone in Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials.” Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) vol. 58,8 1047. 4 Aug. 2022, doi:10.3390/medicina58081047 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9415500/
  29. Lorenz M, Urban J, Engelhardt U, Baumann G, Stangl K, Stangl V. Green and black tea are equally potent stimuli of NO production and vasodilation: new insights into tea ingredients involved. Basic Res Cardiol. 2009 Jan;104(1):100-10. doi: 10.1007/s00395-008-0759-3. Epub 2008 Dec 20. PMID: 19101751. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00395-008-0759-3
  30. Thu, Hnin Ei, et al. “Eurycoma Longifolia as a Potential Adoptogen of Male Sexual Health: A Systematic Review on Clinical Studies.” Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, vol. 15, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2017, pp. 71–80, 10.1016/S1875-5364(17)30010-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28259255/
  31. Rehman, Shaheed, et al. “Review on a Traditional Herbal Medicine, Eurycoma Longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali): Its Traditional Uses, Chemistry, Evidence-Based Pharmacology and Toxicology.” Molecules, vol. 21, no. 3, 10 Mar. 2016, p. 331, 10.3390/molecules21030331; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6274257/
  32. Ciska, Ewa, et al. “Effect of Boiling on the Content of Ascorbigen, Indole-3-Carbinol, Indole-3-Acetonitrile, and 3,3′-Diindolylmethane in Fermented Cabbage.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 57, no. 6, 27 Feb. 2009, pp. 2334–2338, 10.1021/jf803477w; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19292468/
  33. Thomson, Cynthia A., et al. “Chemopreventive Properties of 3,3′-Diindolylmethane in Breast Cancer: Evidence from Experimental and Human Studies.” Nutrition Reviews, vol. 74, no. 7, 1 July 2016, pp. 432–443, 10.1093/nutrit/nuw010; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5059820/
  34. Reed, Gregory A., et al. “Single-Dose and Multiple-Dose Administration of Indole-3-Carbinol to Women: Pharmacokinetics Based on 3,3′-Diindolylmethane.” Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, vol. 15, no. 12, 1 Dec. 2006, pp. 2477–2481, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0396; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17164373/
  35. Sanderson, J. T., et al. “2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin and Diindolylmethanes Differentially Induce Cytochrome P450 1A1, 1B1, and 19 in H295R Human Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cells.” Toxicological Sciences: An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology, vol. 61, no. 1, 1 May 2001, pp. 40–48, 10.1093/toxsci/61.1.40; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11294972/
  36. Szaefer, Hanna, et al. “Modulation of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 Expression by Cabbage Juices and Indoles in Human Breast Cell Lines.” Nutrition and Cancer, vol. 64, no. 6, 1 Aug. 2012, pp. 879–888, 10.1080/01635581.2012.690928; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22716309/
  37. Vivar, Omar I., et al. “Selective Activation of Estrogen Receptor-β Target Genes by 3,3′-Diindolylmethane.” Endocrinology, vol. 151, no. 4, 16 Feb. 2010, pp. 1662–1667, 10.1210/en.2009-1028; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850231/
  38. Kall, Morten A., et al. “Effects of Dietary Broccoli on Human in Vivo Drug Metabolizing Enzymes: Evaluation of Caffeine, Oestrone and Chlorzoxazone Metabolism.” Carcinogenesis, vol. 17, no. 4, 1996, pp. 793–799, 10.1093/carcin/17.4.793; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8625493/
  39. Jellinck, P. H., et al. “Ah Receptor Binding Properties of Indole Carbinols and Induction of Hepatic Estradiol Hydroxylation.” Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 45, no. 5, 9 Mar. 1993, pp. 1129–1136, 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90258-x; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8384853/
  40. Samavat, Hamed, and Mindy S. Kurzer. “Estrogen Metabolism and Breast Cancer.” Cancer Letters, vol. 356, no. 2, Jan. 2015, pp. 231–243, 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.04.018; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4505810/
  41. Muti, Paola, et al. “Estrogen Metabolism and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Prospective Study of the 2:16α-Hydroxyestrone Ratio in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women.” Epidemiology, vol. 11, no. 6, Nov. 2000, pp. 635–640, 10.1097/00001648-200011000-00004; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11055622/
  42. Napoli, Nicola, et al. “Increased 2-Hydroxylation of Estrogen Is Associated with Lower Body Fat and Increased Lean Body Mass in Postmenopausal Women.” Maturitas, vol. 72, no. 1, May 2012, pp. 66–71, 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.02.002; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378512212000552
  43. Cesareo, Kyle & Ziegenfuss, Tim & Raub, Betsy & Sandrock, Jennifer & Lopez, MD, CSCS, FAAPMR, Hector. (2020). Effects of Purple Tea on Muscle Hyperemia and Oxygenation, Serum Markers of Nitric Oxide Production and Muscle Damage, and Exercise Performance. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344196837_Effects_of_Purple_Tea_on_Muscle_Hyperemia_and_Oxygenation_Serum_Markers_of_Nitric_Oxide_Production_and_Muscle_Damage_and_Exercise_Performance
  44. PURPLE TEA EXTRACT Ver. 1.0 SJ PURPLE TEA EXTRACT Anti-Obesity・Diet Anti-Oxidant・Whitening Anti-Ageing Ingredients FOOD・COSMETICS Ingredient ■ Purple Tea Extract-P (Water Soluble Powder, FOOD Grade); Retrieved August 31, 2022; https://web.archive.org/web/20220831164112/http://www.oryza.co.jp/html/english/pdf/Purple%20Tea%20Extract%201.0SJ.pdf
  45. Shimoda, Hiroshi et al; “Purple Tea and Its Extract Suppress Diet-induced Fat Accumulation in Mice and Human Subjects by Inhibiting Fat Absorption and Enhancing Hepatic Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase Expression”; International journal of biomedical science; IJBS vol. 11,2; 2015; pp. 67-75; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4502735/
  46. MAYPRO; “Alluvia Overview”; https://web.archive.org/web/20181024213959/http://maypro.com/sites/default/files/studies/Alluvia_Overview.pdf
  47. MAYPRO; “PurpleForce Purple Tea Extract: New Clinical Data on Beneficial Effect for Exercise”; Retrieved August 31, 2022; https://blog.priceplow.com/wp-content/uploads/maypro-purpleforce-2022.pdf
  48. Kola, B. (2008). Role of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in the Control of Appetite. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 20(7), 942–951. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658714/
  49. Viola, H et al. “Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects.” Planta medica vol. 61,3 (1995): 213-6. doi:10.1055/s-2006-958058; https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-2006-958058
  50. Srivastava, Janmejai K et al. “Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future.” Molecular medicine reports vol. 3,6 (2010): 895-901. doi:10.3892/mmr.2010.377; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2995283/
  51. “Chamomile – an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics.” ScienceDirect; https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/chamomile
  52. Mair, Kirsty M et al. “Obesity, estrogens and adipose tissue dysfunction – implications for pulmonary arterial hypertension.” Pulmonary circulation vol. 10,3 2045894020952019. 18 Sep. 2020, doi:10.1177/2045894020952023; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7506791/
  53. ‌Shay DA, Vieira-Potter VJ and Rosenfeld CS (2018) Sexually Dimorphic Effects of Aromatase on Neurobehavioral Responses. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 11:374. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00374; https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2018.00374/full
  54. Brigitte Leeners, Nori Geary, Philippe N. Tobler, Lori Asarian, Ovarian hormones and obesity, Human Reproduction Update, Volume 23, Issue 3, May-June 2017, Pages 300–321; https://academic.oup.com/humupd/article/23/3/300/3058798
  55. ‌Grantham, James P., and Maciej Henneberg. “The Estrogen Hypothesis of Obesity.” PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 6, 10 June 2014; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4051760/
  56. Balunas, Marcy J et al. “Natural products as aromatase inhibitors.” Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry vol. 8,6 (2008): 646-82; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3074486/
  57. Mauvais-Jarvis, Franck et al. “The role of estrogens in control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis.” Endocrine reviews vol. 34,3 (2013): 309-38. doi:10.1210/er.2012-1055 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3660717/
  58. Reddy, Varun et al. “Xenoestrogens impact brain estrogen receptor signaling during the female lifespan: A precursor to neurological disease?.” Neurobiology of disease vol. 163 (2022): 105596. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105596; https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0969-9961(21)00345-4
  59. “Horny Goat Weed: MedlinePlus Supplements.” Medlineplus.gov; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18068966/
  60. Sloan Kettering; “Epimedium”; https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/epimedium
  61. Chau, Yasmin, et al. “Exploration of Icariin Analog Structure Space Reveals Key Features Driving Potent Inhibition of Human Phosphodiesterase-5.” PLOS ONE, vol. 14, no. 9, 20 Sept. 2019, p. e0222803, 10.1371/journal.pone.0222803; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6754136/
  62. Jin, Feng, et al. “Icariin, a Phoshphodiesterase-5 Inhibitor, Improves Learning and Memory in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice by Stimulation of NO/CGMP Signalling.” The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 17, no. 06, 11 Feb. 2014, pp. 871–881, 10.1017/s1461145713001533; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24513083/
  63. Fang, Jian, and Yongjun Zhang. “Icariin, an Anti-Atherosclerotic Drug from Chinese Medicinal Herb Horny Goat Weed.” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 8, 12 Oct. 2017, 10.3389/fphar.2017.00734; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5644024/
  64. Xin, Z. C., et al. “Effects of Icariin on CGMP-Specific PDE5 and CAMP-Specific PDE4 Activities.” Asian Journal of Andrology, vol. 5, no. 1, 1 Mar. 2003, pp. 15–18; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12646997/
  65. Shindel, Alan W et al. “Erectogenic and neurotrophic effects of icariin, a purified extract of horny goat weed (Epimedium spp.) in vitro and in vivo.” The journal of sexual medicine vol. 7,4 Pt 1 (2010): 1518-28. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01699.x; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3551978/
  66. Xu, Hai-Bin, and Zhao-Quan Huang. “Icariin Enhances Endothelial Nitric-Oxide Synthase Expression on Human Endothelial Cells in Vitro.” Vascular Pharmacology, vol. 47, no. 1, July 2007, pp. 18–24, 10.1016/j.vph.2007.03.002; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17499557/
  67. Cartledge J, Minhas S, Eardley I. The role of nitric oxide in penile erection. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2001 Jan;2(1):95-107. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2.1.95. PMID: 11336572. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11336572/
  68. Zhang, Zhen-Bao, and Qing-Tao Yang. “The Testosterone Mimetic Properties of Icariin.” Asian Journal of Andrology, vol. 8, no. 5, 1 Sept. 2006, pp. 601–605, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16751992/, 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2006.00197.x; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16751992/
  69. Wang, Pengzhen et al. “Icariin activates far upstream element binding protein 1 to regulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and hypoxia-inducible factor-2α signaling and benefits chondrocytes.” PeerJ vol. 11 e15917. 22 Aug. 2023, doi:10.7717/peerj.15917 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10452614/
  70. Lin, Yi-An et al. “Activation of IGF-1 pathway and suppression of atrophy related genes are involved in Epimedium extract (icariin) promoted C2C12 myotube hypertrophy.” Scientific reports vol. 11,1 10790. 24 May. 2021, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89039-0 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8144409/
  71. Chen, Sui-Qing et al. “Icariin induces irisin/FNDC5 expression in C2C12 cells via the AMPK pathway.” Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie vol. 115 (2019): 108930. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108930 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332219306973
  72. Zhang, Juntao et al. “Synthesis of Icariin-Zinc and its Protective Effect on Exercise Fatigue and Reproductive System Related Glands in Male Rats.” Frontiers in pharmacology vol. 12 611722. 9 Jun. 2021, doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.611722 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8227404/
  73. Yang, Wen-Yao et al. “A Phytomolecule Icariin Protects from Sarcopenia Partially by Suppressing Myosin Heavy Chain Degradation in Orchiectomized Rats.” Advanced biology vol. 6,12 (2022): e2200162. doi:10.1002/adbi.202200162 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adbi.202200162
  74. Lin, Hang-Ching, et al. “Method for Regulating Nutrient Absorption with Ginsenosides”; United States Patent and Trademark Office; Patent US20090181904A1; July 16, 2009; https://patents.google.com/patent/US20090181904A1/
  75. Lin, Hang-Ching, et al. “Method for Enhancing Nutrient Absorption with Astragalosides”; United States Patent and Trademark Office; Patent US20120196816A1; August 2, 2012; https://patents.google.com/patent/US20120196816A1/
  76. Lin, Hang-Ching, et al. “Method for Enhancing Nutrient Absorption with Astragalosides”; United States Patent and Trademark Office; Patent US20120196817A1; August 2, 2012; https://patents.google.com/patent/US20120196817A1/
  77. Lin, Hang-Ching, et al. “Method for Enhancing Nutrient Absorption with Astragalosides”; United States Patent and Trademark Office; Patent US8197860B2; June 12, 2012; https://patents.google.com/patent/US8197860B2/en
  78. Lin, Hang-Ching, et al. “Compound for enhancing nutrients uptake”; Taiwan Intellectual Property Office; Patent TWI271195B; 28-Dec 2004; https://patents.google.com/patent/TWI271195B/en
  79. Lee, Shih-Yu, et al. “Astragaloside II Promotes Intestinal Epithelial Repair by Enhancing L-Arginine Uptake and Activating the MTOR Pathway.” Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, 26 Sept. 2017, p. 12302, 10.1038/s41598-017-12435-y. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5614914/
  80. Bhardwaj, R. et al. Aug. 2002. “Piperine, A Major Constituent of Black Pepper, Inhibits Human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4.” The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics vol. 302, 2. 645-50; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12130727/
  81. Mittal R, Gupta RL. In vitro antioxidant activity of piperine. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Jun;22(5):271-4. doi: 10.1358/mf.2000.22.5.796644; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11031726/
  82. Maeda A, Shirao T, Shirasaya D, Yoshioka Y, Yamashita Y, Akagawa M, Ashida H. Piperine Promotes Glucose Uptake through ROS-Dependent Activation of the CAMKK/AMPK Signaling Pathway in Skeletal Muscle. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2018 Jun;62(11):e1800086. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201800086; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29683271/
  83. Choi S, Choi Y, Choi Y, Kim S, Jang J, Park T. Piperine reverses high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice. Food Chem. 2013 Dec 15;141(4):3627-35. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.028; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23993530/

Comments and Discussion (Powered by the PricePlow Forum)