Kaged Hydration Elite Series: Next Generation Hydration Support at GNC

PricePlow’s coverage of Kaged’s massive August 31st, 2023 GNC launch continues with a reveal of their next-generation hydration supplement: Kaged Hydration Elite.

Anyone who’s used Kaged supplements likely knows about Hydra-Charge, the brand’s delicious electrolyte drink mix with added antioxidant support.

Launched in 2015, Hydra-Charge came before the hydration trend seriously took off, one of many examples of how Kaged has repeatedly been ahead of the curve. Hydra-Charge is one of Kaged’s best-selling products, if not the best-selling.

Kaged Hydration Elite

Kaged Hydration Elite Series is live at GNC!

What’s funny is that Hydra-Charge’s original purpose was really to give Kaged customers something to flavor their unflavored citrulline and glutamine powders. For this, it has some best-in-class flavor systems. But as time’s gone on, hydration supplements have vastly improved – and it’s time for a more intense Kaged formula as well:

Kaged Hydration Elite: More Electrolytes, Vitamins, and Beyond

Hot off the heels of the Kaged Pre-Workout Elite Series announcement, we’re proud to introduce you to Kaged Hydration Elite. A step up from Hydra-Charge, this new formula contains more sodium, potassium, and magnesium, and still includes taurine and the Spectra antioxidant blend.

However, the improvements don’t stop there — Kaged has also added ElevATP for endogenous ATP production, and the Ioniplex Fulvic Ionic Mineral Complex that provides even more trace minerals. We’ve also got a smattering of high-quality vitamins added to the mix now!

We get into the details of the entire blend below, but if you want to take a step back and better understand the launch, listen to PricePlow Podcast Episode #097 to get the backstory with this massive launch at GNC.

Let’s check on availability, let you sign up for Kaged news alerts, and then dig in:

Kaged Hydration Elite Series – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

Get Price Alerts

No spam, no scams.

Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

This area is reserved for Team PricePlow's upcoming videos.

Subscribe to our channel and sign up for notifications so you catch it when it goes live!

Subscribe to PricePlow on YouTube!

Kaged Hydration Elite Ingredients

Each scoop is 7.9 grams (up from 5.2 grams in the original Hydra-Charged). First, let’s give the quick %DV for the minerals, and then get into the actives and full mineral explanations:

Kaged Hydration Elite Mineral Allowances

Kaged Hydration Elite Label

  • Sodium: 160mg (7% DV)

  • Potassium: 170mg (4% DV)

  • Magnesium: 40mg (10%DV)

  • Calcium: 40mg (3% DV)

  • Phosphorus: 38mg (3% DV)

Kaged Hydration Elite Ingredients

On to the active ingredients and what these minerals do for you:

  • Taurine – 1000 mg

    Taurine is a popular endurance-boosting ingredient that functions as an osmolyte, meaning that it supports healthy fluid and water balance between cells.[1] It’s distributed in nearly all tissues to help reduce oxidative stress, stabilize membranes, and support calcium signaling for muscular contractions.[1,2]

    With respect to our athletic endeavors, we most often discuss how the osmotic effect of taurine can promote endurance — a meta analysis published in 2018 showed that doses of taurine ranging from 1 to 6 grams can significantly improve endurance, and it works on the first dose![3]

    Taurine Endurance

    Taurine’s effect on endurance, with success in doses anywhere from 1 gram to 6 grams.[3]

    In a broader sense, taurine promotes mitochondrial health,[4] which is valuable because the mitochondria are the universal “powerhouses” in our cells, and when they function better, basically everything functions better. As a part of this, taurine can also play an important role in neuroprotection,[5] supporting synaptic function by reducing neurological inflammation and improving GABA receptor function.[6] There’s even nitric oxide support![7]

    Taurine is considered a conditionally essential amino acid[8] – your body can generate it on its own, but almost certainly does better when supplemented with more. This is why we love to see it in supplements across several categories (it’s most common in pre-workout and hydration supplements).

    If you’ve ever wondered why the original Hydra-Charge feels so good, this could be a major reason, especially when coupled with the electrolytes — we’re glad Kaged kept it in.

  • Coconut Fruit Water Powder – 500 mg

    Coconut water powder is often added to electrolyte supplements to add a touch of potassium in a great-tasting way, especially since most potassium molecules don’t taste so great.

    KAGED Pre-Workout Elite Series x GNC

    Coming to GNC through Spring 2024, Kaged Pre-Workout Elite Series is an updated spin on Pre-Kaged Elite that comes in both stimulant and stimulant-free options!

    An entire coconut water drink has been shown to restore hydration within two hours (according to plasma volume),[9,10] and it even slightly outperforms sports drinks when enhanced with sodium, yet with less nausea![10]

    One study even concluded that coconut water “was significantly sweeter, caused less nausea, fullness and no stomach upset and was also easier to consume in a larger amount compared with [carbohydrate electrolyte beverage] and [plain water] ingestion”.[9]

    While we can’t make these claims alone, since this is just a fraction of what’s in an entire coconut water drink, it’s great to see the potential of using it to add some potassium in a sweet manner. You also get 500 milligrams of potassium in Kaged Pre-Workout Elite.

  • ElevATP – 150mg

    ElevATP is another ingredient that’s also in Kaged Pre-Workout Elite — it’s made from ancient peat and apple extracts. Don’t confuse it for an ATP source, it instead helps your body boost its own ATP production,[11,12] which is important because ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the powerful molecule that our bodies use to store and transfer energy.

    ElevATP has been shown to increase both strength and muscle gains — 150 milligrams per day, which is what we have here, has been shown to increase 1 repetition maxes in squat and deadlift, as well as vertical jump power and velocity, in weight-trained males.[13]

    ElevATP Bioactive Components

    ElevATP doesn’t contain ATP, but instead has many compounds that can support your body’s production of ATP.[11]

    Another study on ElevATP showed that the ingredient supported skeletal muscle hypertrophy (muscle building) without affecting fat mass or blood chemistry.[14]

    This pairs very well with the taurine – better mitochondria production and more ATP generation are a great one-two punch for stimulant-free energy support.

  • Spectra – 100 mg

    Spectra is a blend of fruits and vegetables designed for a high ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) value — ORAC is a method to measure antioxidant potential of foods.

    Antioxidants are important because they help reduce and mitigate free radical cascades, which occur when reactive oxidant species (ROS) attack various lipid, protein, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid molecules in the body — and this is associated with an increased aging process.[15]

    Aaron Heidebreicht & Darin Decker: PricePlow Podcast Episode #097

    Aaron Heidebreicht and Darin Decker of Kaged join the PricePlow Podcast from the 2023 GNC Franchise Convention for Episode #097 to discuss major partnership updates, which includes an enormous launch at GNC!

    Spectra is prepared in a manner known to maintain a high amount of antioxidant polyphenols.[16] Two studies were published using it in 2016, showing:

    1. 11 of 12 participants using Spectra had significant decreases of ROS concentrations.[17]
    2. Spectra significantly inhibited mitochondrial ROS generation by up to 17%, nearly completely inhibiting formation of hydrogen peroxide (a free radical).[18]

    The second study above also showed a 3.5x reduction in O2 radicals, and there was an increase in bioavailable nitric oxide.

    Long story short, Spectra has many incredible components (such as quercetin, vitamin C, catechins, and chlorogenic acids[18]) that can help your body fight environmental stressors. It’s great to see it stay from Hydra-Charge.

  • Ioniplex Fulvic Mineral Complex – 50 mg

    First introduced to us in the Kaged Mindset nootropic, Ioniplex is a fulvic acid source that provides a smattering of various minerals as shown on the label.[19] It has 90% fulvic content, which is far greater than the 15-20% that’s in competing shilajit ingredients.

    Kaged Mindset

    If you like a monstrous dose of Alpha-GPC, then the long-awaited Kaged Mindset is here for you. There’s a caffeine and caffeine-free option, and a couple new ingredients including Cereboost inside.

    Fulvic acid is an incredibly powerful molecule. While it’s in Mindset because it can disassemble highly neurodegenerative tau fibril proteins,[20] it’s well-known to have several minerals as well.[19] Even more impressively, fulvic acid can help the body remove heavy metals through a process known as chelation![21,22]

    A review published in 2018 titled “Therapeutic Potential of Fulvic Acid in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Diabetes” lists several beneficial facets of fulvic acid, including anti-inflammatory effects and potential gut health effects.[23]

    There’s likely a lot more to the story here. We’ve been interested in fulvic acid for quite some time, and while shilajit was the way to get it in the past, we think Kaged is on to something by getting a higher-purity source in Ioniplex.

  • Minerals

    • Magnesium (40 mg, 10% DV)

      It’s tough to call one mineral more important than another — they’re all crucial — but given the growing epidemic of magnesium deficiency,[24-27] we’d have to say that magnesium is the one mineral that basically everyone can safely supplement. Kaged Hydration Elite’s magnesium comes from magnesium citrate.

      Magnesium is needed for over 600 known biological reactions, supporting protein synthesis, cellular metabolism, energy production, and far more.[28] Beyond that, there are about 200 other enzymatic reactions that may use it as an activator.[26] To put it simply, without enough magnesium, things begin to go horribly wrong.[24,25]

      Mineral Vegetable Content

      The average amount of calcium, magnesium, and iron in vegetables like spinach, lettuce, cabbage, and tomatoes has plummeted as much as 80–90% since 1914.[27] Sadly we have to supplement it back in.

      When deficient, magnesium physically presents itself through poor sleep and stressed / anxious mood.[29-31] So correcting these deficiencies may bring noticeable benefits in those areas first and foremost, and alongside improved cardiometabolic status, several downstream health improvements are often seen from there.

      Beyond that, there is a mountain of research supporting magnesium for several cardiovascular and metabolic health systems, ranging from blood pressure to blood sugar to bone density to muscle mass to women’s issues to far more.[32-54]

      We won’t get into all of those details because this is only 10% DV, which is a great start, but most westerners are going to need to supplement even more (a good suggestion is to try some topical magnesium chloride lotion on sore muscles as well as magnesium bisglycinate or magnesium taurate before bed).

    • Sodium (160 mg, 7% DV)

      Every athlete’s favorite mineral (or at least it should be), sodium is critical for a tremendous number of biological functions, but especially in the case of athletes, since it’s the primary mineral lost in sweat.[55] Interestingly, Kaged used sodium citrate as their sodium source, keeping the formula lower in chloride / chlorine, which some may prefer

      KAGED Pre-Workout Elite Series x GNC

      Coming to GNC through Spring 2024, Kaged Pre-Workout Elite Series is an updated spin on Pre-Kaged Elite that comes in both stimulant and stimulant-free options!

      On to the mineral itself, sodium is incredibly important for both intracellular and extracellular fluid balance.[56] We need to replace about 2 grams per day,[57] but athletes obviously need more to replace what’s lost in sweat. Beyond that, it’s also crucial for nerve signaling and muscle contractions.[58,59]

      A study specifically performed on elite athletes using a higher sodium citrate dose showed improved performance in a timed 3000 meter race,[60] so there are still benefits even if not using the traditional salt (sodium chloride) form.

    • Potassium (170 mg, 4% DV)

      To balance the sodium, it’s on to potassium, provided in the forms of potassium chloride and dipotassium phosphate. We’re huge on potassium in athletic-minded hydration supplements for two main reasons: cardiovascular support when balancing the sodium, and vasodilation for improved blood flow.

      Increase potassium rather than decrease sodium

      First, potassium is a shortfall nutrient — westerners simply aren’t consuming enough potassium-rich foods in recent decades like we historically have.[61-64]

      Sodium / Potassium Requirements Diet

      This paper’s title is so spectacular that it deserves its own call-out.[65] So what gives? We simultaneously believe that sodium recommendations can go higher, but potassium does need to be supplemented in modern dieters as well.

      The issue with this is that when we have too much sodium and not enough potassium, there can be severe health consequences.[66-71] Because of this data, we have repeatedly argued that sodium restriction is not the solution — potassium supplementation is! In fact, correcting sodium-potassium imbalances has led to several cardiovascular benefits.[61,72]

      Potassium and vasodilation

      In terms of athletics, we’re also keen to comment that potassium is physically supportive of vasodilation,[66,73,74] which is the widening/relaxation of blood vessels that allows for more blood flow. This is a major mechanistic reason behind potassium’s support in combating high blood pressure issues more so than sodium restriction.

      If it isn’t clear, we’re happy to see potassium stacked with sodium in Kaged Hydration Elite – we’ve got about 70 milligrams more than Hydra-Charge had, and the coconut water extract may provide a smidgen beyond that!

  • Vitamins

    • Vitamin C (108 mg, 120% DV)

      Kaged’s choice of Vitamin C is from PureWay-C, a form of the vitamin that’s been shown to have improved bioavailability and retention compared to other standard forms on the market.[75-78]

      Vitamin C Collagen Release

      Intracellular and extracellular vitamin C boosts collagen release[79]

      We mostly use vitamin C for its antioxidant properties, as it can help reduce free radicals and limit oxidative damage.[80,81] Of course, the vitamin’s well-known immune-boosting properties are appreciated as well – this has been repeatedly covered by dozens of studies and meta-analyses.[82]

      Athletically, we always appreciate how vitamin C can support nitric oxide production,[83] prevent deficiencies that would otherwise impair performance,[84] increase endurance for dieters,[85] and reduce soreness and chemical biomarkers of muscle damage post-workout.[86,87]

      PureWay-C against the competition

      On to PureWay-C, a 2008 research study put the branded form of vitamin C against ascorbic acid, Ester-C (ascorbate-calcium threonate-dehydroascorbate), and calcium ascorbate, and came to this conclusion:

      PureWay-C supplementation leads to the highest absolute serum vitamin C levels when compared to AA, CaA and Ester-C. PureWay-C provides a statistically significant greater serum level than calcium ascorbate at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours post oral supplementation[75]

      Finally, as a vitamin involved in collagen synthesis,[79] vitamin C can even help with skin hydration![88] Kaged isn’t just trying to hydrate your muscles, after all!

    • Niacin as Niacinamide (17.6 mg, 110% DV)

      Niacin supports NAD+ production,[89-91] a critically important molecule that supports energy metabolism, liver detoxification, DNA repair, and more. Niacinamide is the “flush-free” form of niacin.

    • Vitamin B6 as Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate (1.87 mg, 110% DV)

      Kaged Hydration Elite Label Left Side

      Remember, Kaged Elite supplements are Informed Sport Tested for Banned Substances in every batch!

      Vitamin B6 is crucial for the production of coenzymes that support the metabolism and production of cellular energy.[92] As one would expect in their Elite series, Kaged has opted for the higher-quality form, pyridoxal-5-phosphate, abbreviated to P5P.

      This is closer to the body’s active form (pyridoxal-phosphate),[93,94] requiring less chemical conversion and physical work to get there. This is agreeable, especially since high-dosed pyridoxine can potentially lead to issues.[95,96]

    • Vitamin B12 (2.63 mg, 110% DV)

      Last, Kaged Hydration Elite has methylcobalamin as its vitamin B12 source. Like P5P above, we prefer this to the cheaper cyanocobalamin for.[97-100] Vitamin B12 supports neurological / cognitive function as well as metabolism.

Flavors Available

As always, Kaged Hydration Elite stays true to their ethos of only using natural flavoring systems and as much natural sweetener as possible, to limit the amount of sucralose used:

    Informed Sport Tested for Banned Substances

    Kaged Hydra-Charge Hibiscus Pear & Lemon Lime

    In case you do want Hydra-Charge, two new flavors were recently released: Hibiscus Pear & Lemon Lime

    As with the rest of the Elite Series, Kaged is having every batch tested for banned substances, so that drug-tested athletes can rest assured that it’s a safe play. In fact, their manufacturer won’t even touch illegal ingredients — this is one of the many requirements for Informed Sport certification!

    Move over Hydra-Charge, Hydration Elite is Here

    If you’ve followed PricePlow for any stretch of time, you should know that Hydra-Charge is one of our favorite all-time supplements. It’s refreshing, feels good, and the flavor systems are simply out of this world.

    However, the game has changed, and with that, Kaged has continued to evolve. What was originally meant as a flavor system first, hydration supplement second has turned into the need for a hydration and performance supplement first, that still tastes great.

    And that’s exactly what we get with the Kaged Hydration Elite Series launch, starting exclusively at GNC. Sign up for more Kaged news from PricePlow, it’s all coming soon and far more:

    Kaged Hydration Elite Series – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

    Get Price Alerts

    No spam, no scams.

    Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

    Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

    About the Author: Mike Roberto

    Mike Roberto

    Mike Roberto is a research scientist and water sports athlete who founded PricePlow. He is an n=1 diet experimenter with extensive experience in supplementation and dietary modification, whose personal expertise stems from several experiments done on himself while sharing lab tests.

    Mike's goal is to bridge the gap between nutritional research scientists and non-academics who seek to better their health in a system that has catastrophically failed the public. Mike is currently experimenting with a low Vitamin A diet.

    No Comments | Posted in | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

    References

    1. Ripps, H. et al. Nov. 2012. “Review: Taurine: A “Very Essential Amino Acid.” Molecular Vision vol. 18. 2673-86. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3501277/
    2. Murakami, Shigeru. “Role of Taurine in the Pathogenesis of Obesity.” Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, vol. 59, no. 7, 28 Apr. 2015, pp. 1353–1363, 10.1002/mnfr.201500067; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25787113/
    3. Waldron, M., et al. May 2018. “The Effects of an Oral Taurine Dose and Supplementation Period on Endurance Exercise Performance in Humans: A Meta-Analysis.” Sports Medicine vol. 48,5; 1247-53. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29546641
    4. Jong, Chian Ju, et al. “The Role of Taurine in Mitochondria Health: More than Just an Antioxidant.” Molecules, vol. 26, no. 16, 13 Aug. 2021, p. 4913, 10.3390/molecules26164913; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8400259/
    5. Pasantes-Morales, Herminia, and Reyna Hernández-Benítez. “Taurine and Brain Development: Trophic or Cytoprotective Actions?” Neurochemical Research, vol. 35, no. 12, 1 Dec. 2010, pp. 1939–1943, 10.1007/s11064-010-0262-8; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20842422/
    6. Chen, C. et al. Aug. 2019. “Roles of Taurine in Cognitive Function of Physiology, Pathologies, and Toxication.” Life Sciences vol. 15, 231; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31220527/
    7. Guizoni, D. et al. Jan. 2020. “Modulation of Endothelium-Derived Nitric Oxide Production and Activity by Taurine and Taurine-Conjugated Bile Acids.” Nitric Oxide vol. 94,1; 48-53; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1089860319302113
    8. Lourenço, R., and M. E. Camilo. “Taurine: A Conditionally Essential Amino Acid in Humans? An Overview in Health and Disease.” Nutricion Hospitalaria, vol. 17, no. 6, 1 Nov. 2002, pp. 262–270; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12514918/
    9. Saat, Mohamed, et al. “Rehydration after Exercise with Fresh Young Coconut Water, Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Beverage and Plain Water.” Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science, vol. 21, no. 2, 2002, pp. 93–104, doi:10.2114/jpa.21.93; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12056182
    10. Ismail, I., et al. “Rehydration with Sodium-Enriched Coconut Water after Exercise-Induced Dehydration.” The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, vol. 38, no. 4, 1 July 2007, pp. 769–785; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17883020/
    11. Reyes-Izquierdo, T, et al; “Effect of Dietary Supplement ElevATP on Blood ATP Level: An Acute Pilot Clinical Study”; Journal of Aging Research & Clinical Practice; January 2013; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260944038_Effect_of_the_dietary_supplement_ElevATP_on_blood_ATP_level_An_acute_pilot_clinical_study
    12. Reyes-Izquierdo, T, et al; “The effect of ElevATP™on whole blood ATP levels: a single dose, cross over clinical study”; Journal of Aging Research & Clinical Practice; January 2014; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260944047_The_effect_of_ElevATPon_whole_blood_ATP_levels_a_single_dose_cross_over_clinical_study
    13. Joy JM et al., “Ancient peat and apple extracts supplementation may improve strength and power adaptations in resistance trained men,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine; 2016; https://bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12906-016-1222-x
    14. Joy, J. et al; “Supplementation with a Proprietary Blend of Ancient Peat and Apple Extract May Improve Body Composition without Affecting Hematology in Resistance-Trained Men;” Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism; (2015); https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283077352_Supplementation_with_a_Proprietary_Blend_of_Ancient_Peat_and_Apple_Extract_May_Improve_Body_Composition_without_Affecting_Hematology_in_Resistance-Trained_Men
    15. Halliwell, Barry. “Reactive Species and Antioxidants. Redox Biology Is a Fundamental Theme of Aerobic Life.” Plant Physiology, vol. 141, no. 2, June 2006, pp. 312–322, doi:10.1104/pp.106.077073; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1475431/
    16. Mullen, W., et al. “The Antioxidant and Chlorogenic Acid Profiles of Whole Coffee Fruits Are Influenced by the Extraction Procedures.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 59, no. 8, 27 Apr. 2011, pp. 3754–3762, doi:10.1021/jf200122m; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21401105/
    17. Nemzer, Boris, et al. “Decrease of Free Radical Concentrations in Humans Following Consumption of a High Antioxidant Capacity Natural Product.” Food Science & Nutrition, vol. 2, no. 6, 18 July 2014, pp. 647–654, doi:10.1002/fsn3.146; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4256568/
    18. Nemzer, Boris V., et al. “New Insights on Effects of a Dietary Supplement on Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Humans.” Food Science & Nutrition, vol. 2, no. 6, 17 Oct. 2014, pp. 828–839, doi:10.1002/fsn3.178; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4256589/
    19. Swat, Monika et al. “Characterization of Fulvic Acid Beverages by Mineral Profile and Antioxidant Capacity.” Foods (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 8,12 605. 22 Nov. 2019, doi:10.3390/foods8120605; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6963745/
    20. Cornejo, Alberto et al. “Fulvic acid inhibits aggregation and promotes disassembly of tau fibrils associated with Alzheimer’s disease.” Journal of Alzheimer’s disease : JAD vol. 27,1 (2011): 143-53. doi:10.3233/JAD-2011-110623 https://content.iospress.com/openurl?genre=article&id=doi%3A10.3233%2FJAD-2011-110623
    21. ‌Christl, Iso et al. “Effect of humic and fulvic acid concentrations and ionic strength on copper and lead binding.” Environmental science & technology vol. 39,14 (2005): 5319-26. doi:10.1021/es050018f; https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es050018f
    22. Zhang, Xiu-feng et al. “Studies on the binding of fulvic acid with transferrin by spectroscopic analysis.” Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy vol. 137 (2015): 1280-5. doi:10.1016/j.saa.2014.09.010 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1386-1425(14)01340-7
    23. Winkler, John, and Sanjoy Ghosh. “Therapeutic Potential of Fulvic Acid in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Diabetes.” Journal of Diabetes Research, vol. 2018, 10 Sept. 2018, pp. 1–7, doi:10.1155/2018/5391014; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6151376/
    24. Nielsen, Forrest H. “Magnesium Deficiency and Increased Inflammation: Current Perspectives.” Journal of Inflammation Research, vol. 11, 18 Jan. 2018, pp. 25–34, doi:10.2147/JIR.S136742; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5783146/
    25. DiNicolantonio, James J, et al. “Subclinical Magnesium Deficiency: A Principal Driver of Cardiovascular Disease and a Public Health Crisis.” Open Heart, vol. 5, no. 1, Jan. 2018, p. e000668, doi:10.1136/openhrt-2017-000668; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5786912/
    26. Fiorentini, Diana, et al. “Magnesium: Biochemistry, Nutrition, Detection, and Social Impact of Diseases Linked to Its Deficiency.” Nutrients, vol. 13, no. 4, 30 Mar. 2021, p. 1136, doi:10.3390/nu13041136; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8065437/
    27. Workinger, Jayme, et al. “Challenges in the Diagnosis of Magnesium Status.” Nutrients, vol. 10, no. 9, 1 Sept. 2018, p. 1202, doi:10.3390/nu10091202; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6163803/
    28. de Baaij, Jeroen H F et al. “Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease.” Physiological reviews vol. 95,1 (2015): 1-46. doi:10.1152/physrev.00012.2014 https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physrev.00012.2014
    29. Nielsen, Forrest H., et al. “Magnesium Supplementation Improves Indicators of Low Magnesium Status and Inflammatory Stress in Adults Older than 51 Years with Poor Quality Sleep.” Magnesium Research, vol. 23, no. 4, 1 Dec. 2010, pp. 158–168, 10.1684/mrh.2010.0220; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21199787/
    30. Held, Katja, et al. “Oral Mg(2+) Supplementation Reverses Age-Related Neuroendocrine and Sleep EEG Changes in Humans.” Pharmacopsychiatry, vol. 35, no. 4, 1 July 2002, pp. 135–143, 10.1055/s-2002-33195; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12163983/
    31. Boyle, Neil Bernard et al; “The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Subjective Anxiety and Stress-A Systematic Review.”; Nutrients; vol. 9,5 429; 26 Apr. 2017; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5452159/
    32. Guerrero-Romero, Fernando, and Martha Rodríguez-Morán. “Magnesium Improves the Beta-Cell Function to Compensate Variation of Insulin Sensitivity: Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial.” European Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 41, no. 4, 17 Jan. 2011, pp. 405–410, 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02422.x; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21241290/
    33. Hatzistavri, L. S., et al. “Oral Magnesium Supplementation Reduces Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Patients with Mild Hypertension.” American Journal of Hypertension, vol. 22, no. 10, 1 Oct. 2009, pp. 1070–1075, 10.1038/ajh.2009.126; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19617879/
    34. Kawano, Yuhei, et al. “Effects of Magnesium Supplementation in Hypertensive Patients.” Hypertension, vol. 32, no. 2, Aug. 1998, pp. 260–265, 10.1161/01.hyp.32.2.260; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9719052/
    35. Guerrero-Romero, F, and M Rodríguez-Morán. “The Effect of Lowering Blood Pressure by Magnesium Supplementation in Diabetic Hypertensive Adults with Low Serum Magnesium Levels: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.” Journal of Human Hypertension, vol. 23, no. 4, 20 Nov. 2008, pp. 245–251, 10.1038/jhh.2008.129; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19020533/
    36. Rodriguez-Moran, M., and F. Guerrero-Romero. “Oral Magnesium Supplementation Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Metabolic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.” Diabetes Care, vol. 26, no. 4, 1 Apr. 2003, pp. 1147–1152, 10.2337/diacare.26.4.1147; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12663588/
    37. Mooren, F. C., et al. “Oral Magnesium Supplementation Reduces Insulin Resistance in Non-Diabetic Subjects – a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial.” Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, vol. 13, no. 3, 24 Jan. 2011, pp. 281–284, 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01332.x; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21205110/
    38. Simental-Mendía LE, Sahebkar A, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the effects of magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and glucose control. Pharmacol Res. 2016 Sep;111:272-282. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.019; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27329332/
    39. Hruby A, Guasch-Ferré M, Bhupathiraju SN, Manson JE, Willett WC, McKeown NM, Hu FB. Magnesium Intake, Quality of Carbohydrates, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results From Three U.S. Cohorts. Diabetes Care. 2017 Dec;40(12):1695-1702. doi: 10.2337/dc17-1143; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28978672/
    40. Fang X, Han H, Li M, Liang C, Fan Z, Aaseth J, He J, Montgomery S, Cao Y. Dose-Response Relationship between Dietary Magnesium Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Nutrients. 2016 Nov 19;8(11):739. doi: 10.3390/nu8110739; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27869762/
    41. Zhao B, Deng H, Li B, Chen L, Zou F, Hu L, Wei Y, Zhang W. Association of magnesium consumption with type 2 diabetes and glucose metabolism: A systematic review and pooled study with trial sequential analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020 Mar;36(3):e3243. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.3243; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31758631/
    42. Carpenter, Thomas O., et al. “A Randomized Controlled Study of Effects of Dietary Magnesium Oxide Supplementation on Bone Mineral Content in Healthy Girls.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 91, no. 12, Dec. 2006, pp. 4866–4872, 10.1210/jc.2006-1391; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2995550/
    43. Ebrahimi, Elham, et al. “Effects of Magnesium and Vitamin B6 on the Severity of Premenstrual Syndrome Symptoms.” Journal of Caring Sciences, vol. 2012, no. 4, pp. 183–189, 10.5681/jcs.2012.026; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4161081/
    44. Quaranta, S., et al. “Pilot Study of the Efficacy and Safety of a Modified-Release Magnesium 250 Mg Tablet (Sincromag) for the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome.” Clinical Drug Investigation, vol. 27, no. 1, 2007, pp. 51–58, 10.2165/00044011-200727010-00004; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17177579/
    45. Walker, Ann F., et al. “Magnesium Supplementation Alleviates Premenstrual Symptoms of Fluid Retention.” Journal of Women’s Health, vol. 7, no. 9, Nov. 1998, pp. 1157–1165, 10.1089/jwh.1998.7.1157; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9861593/
    46. Facchinetti, F., et al. “Oral Magnesium Successfully Relieves Premenstrual Mood Changes.” Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 78, no. 2, 1991, pp. 177–181; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2067759/
    47. Zhang, Yijia et al. “Can Magnesium Enhance Exercise Performance?.” Nutrients vol. 9,9 946. 28 Aug. 2017, doi:10.3390/nu9090946; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5622706/
    48. Welch, Ailsa A, et al. “Dietary Magnesium Is Positively Associated with Skeletal Muscle Power and Indices of Muscle Mass and May Attenuate the Association between Circulating C-Reactive Protein and Muscle Mass in Women.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 31, no. 2, 11 Sept. 2015, pp. 317–325, 10.1002/jbmr.2692; https://asbmr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jbmr.2692
    49. Simental-Mendia LE, Sahebkar A, Rodriguez-Moran M, Zambrano-Galvan G, Guerrero-Romero F. Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Plasma C-reactive Protein Concentrations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(31):4678-4686. doi: 10.2174/1381612823666170525153605; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28545353/
    50. Steward CJ, Zhou Y, Keane G, Cook MD, Liu Y, Cullen T. One week of magnesium supplementation lowers IL-6, muscle soreness and increases post-exercise blood glucose in response to downhill running. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019 Dec;119(11-12):2617-2627. doi: 10.1007/s00421-019-04238-y; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31624951/
    51. Córdova A, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Roche E, Caballero-García A, Fernandez-Lázaro D. Impact of Magnesium Supplementation in Muscle Damage of Professional Cyclists Competing in a Stage Race. Nutrients. 2019 Aug 16;11(8):1927. doi: 10.3390/nu11081927; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31426321/
    52. Chiu HY, Yeh TH, Huang YC, Chen PY. Effects of Intravenous and Oral Magnesium on Reducing Migraine: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Pain Physician. 2016 Jan;19(1):E97-112. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26752497/
    53. von Luckner A, Riederer F. Magnesium in Migraine Prophylaxis-Is There an Evidence-Based Rationale? A Systematic Review. Headache. 2018 Feb;58(2):199-209. doi: 10.1111/head.13217; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29131326/
    54. Shahrami A, Assarzadegan F, Hatamabadi HR, Asgarzadeh M, Sarehbandi B, Asgarzadeh S. Comparison of therapeutic effects of magnesium sulfate vs. dexamethasone/metoclopramide on alleviating acute migraine headache. J Emerg Med. 2015 Jan;48(1):69-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.06.055; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25278139/
    55. Montain, Scott J et al. “Sweat mineral-element responses during 7 h of exercise-heat stress.” International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism vol. 17,6 (2007): 574-82. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.6.574; https://journals.humankinetics.com/doi/10.1123/ijsnem.17.6.574
    56. Strazzullo P., Leclercq C.; “Sodium.” Advanced Nutrition; March 2014; 5(2) 188-190; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951800/
    57. Mente, Andrew, et al. “Sodium Intake and Health: What Should We Recommend Based on the Current Evidence?” Nutrients, vol. 13, no. 9, 1 Sept. 2021, p. 3232, 10.3390/nu13093232; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8468043/
    58. Valentine, V. 2007. “The Importance of Salt in the Athlete’s Diet.” Current Sports Medicine Reports vol. 6,4 (2007): 237-40; https://journals.lww.com/acsm-csmr/Fulltext/2007/08000/The_Importance_of_Salt_in_the_Athlete_s_Diet.9.aspx
    59. Coyle, Edward F. “Fluid and Fuel Intake during Exercise.” Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 22, no. 1, Jan. 2004, pp. 39–55, 10.1080/0264041031000140545; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14971432/
    60. Shave, R., et al. “The Effects of Sodium Citrate Ingestion on 3,000-Meter Time-Trial Performance.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol. 15, no. 2, 1 May 2001, pp. 230–234; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11710409/
    61. Weaver, Connie M. “Potassium and Health.” Advances in Nutrition, vol. 4, no. 3, 1 May 2013, pp. 368S377S, 10.3945/an.112.003533; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3650509/
    62. Fj, He, and MacGregor Ga. “Beneficial Effects of Potassium on Human Health.” Physiologia Plantarum, 1 Aug. 2008; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18724413/
    63. Drewnowski, Adam, et al. “Reducing the Sodium-Potassium Ratio in the US Diet: A Challenge for Public Health.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 96, no. 2, 3 July 2012, pp. 439–444, 10.3945/ajcn.111.025353; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3396449/
    64. Houston, Mark C. “The Importance of Potassium in Managing Hypertension.” Current Hypertension Reports, vol. 13, no. 4, 15 Mar. 2011, pp. 309–317, 10.1007/s11906-011-0197-8; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21403995/
    65. Maillot, Matthieu, et al. “Food Pattern Modeling Shows That the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Sodium and Potassium Cannot Be Met Simultaneously.” Nutrition Research (New York, N.y.), vol. 33, no. 3, 1 Mar. 2013, p. 188, doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.01.004; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3878634/
    66. Adrogué, Horacio J., and Nicolaos E. Madias. “Sodium and Potassium in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension.” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 356, no. 19, 10 May 2007, pp. 1966–1978, 10.1056/nejmra064486; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17494929/
    67. Dyer, Alan R., et al. “Urinary Electrolyte Excretion in 24 Hours and Blood Pressure in the INTERSALT Study.” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 139, no. 9, 1 May 1994, pp. 940–951, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117100; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8166144
    68. Elliott, P., et al. “Intersalt Revisited: Further Analyses of 24 Hour Sodium Excretion and Blood Pressure within and across Populations.” BMJ, vol. 312, no. 7041, 18 May 1996, pp. 1249–1253, www.bmj.com/content/312/7041/1249, 10.1136/bmj.312.7041.1249; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2351086/
    69. Cook, N. R., et al. “Effect of Change in Sodium Excretion on Change in Blood Pressure Corrected for Measurement Error. The Trials of Hypertension Prevention, Phase I.” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 148, no. 5, 1 Sept. 1998, pp. 431–444, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009668; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9737555
    70. Khaw, K T, and E Barrett-Connor. “The Association between Blood Pressure, Age, and Dietary Sodium and Potassium: A Population Study.” Circulation, vol. 77, no. 1, Jan. 1988, pp. 53–61, 10.1161/01.cir.77.1.53; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3257173
    71. Xie, J. X., et al. “The Relationship between Urinary Cations Obtained from the INTERSALT Study and Cerebrovascular Mortality.” Journal of Human Hypertension, vol. 6, no. 1, 1 Feb. 1992, pp. 17–21; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1583625
    72. Cook, Nancy R. “Joint Effects of Sodium and Potassium Intake on Subsequent Cardiovascular Disease.” Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 169, no. 1, 12 Jan. 2009, p. 32, 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.523; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2629129/
    73. Haddy, Francis J., et al. “Role of Potassium in Regulating Blood Flow and Blood Pressure.” American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol. 290, no. 3, 1 Mar. 2006, pp. R546-552, 10.1152/ajpregu.00491.2005; https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00491.2005
    74. Amberg, Gregory C., et al. “Modulation of the Molecular Composition of Large Conductance, Ca2+ Activated K+ Channels in Vascular Smooth Muscle during Hypertension.” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 112, no. 5, 1 Sept. 2003, p. 717, 10.1172/JCI18684; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC182211/
    75. Pancorbo, Dario, et al. “Vitamin C-Lipid Metabolites: Uptake and Retention and Effect on Plasma C-Reactive Protein and Oxidized LDL Levels in Healthy Volunteers.” Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, vol. 14, no. 11, 1 Nov. 2008, pp. CR547-551; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18971870/
    76. Weeks, Benjamin S., and Pedro P. Perez. “A Novel Vitamin c Preparation Enhances Neurite Formation and Fibroblast Adhesion and Reduces Xenobiotic-Induced T-Cell Hyperactivation.” Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, vol. 13, no. 3, 1 Mar. 2007, pp. BR51-58; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17325628/
    77. Weeks, Benjamin S., and Pedro P. Perez. “Absorption Rates and Free Radical Scavenging Values of Vitamin C-Lipid Metabolites in Human Lymphoblastic Cells.” Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, vol. 13, no. 10, 1 Oct. 2007, pp. BR205-210 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17901843/
    78. Weeks, Benjamin S., et al. “Natramune and PureWay-C Reduce Xenobiotic-Induced Human T-Cell Alpha5beta1 Integrin-Mediated Adhesion to Fibronectin.” Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, vol. 14, no. 12, 1 Dec. 2008, pp. BR279-285; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19043362/
    79. May, James M., and Zhi-chao Qu. “Transport and Intracellular Accumulation of Vitamin c in Endothelial Cells: Relevance to Collagen Synthesis.” Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 434, no. 1, Feb. 2005, pp. 178–186, doi:10.1016/j.abb.2004.10.023; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15629121/
    80. Carr, A., and Maggini, S. Nov. 2017. “Vitamin C and Immune Function.” Nutrients vol. 9,11; 1211; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5707683/
    81. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. “Antioxidants: In Depth.” NCCIH, Nov. 2013; http://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/antioxidants-in-depth
    82. Xu, Kedi, et al. “Vitamin c Intake and Multiple Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.” International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, vol. 73, no. 5, 15 Mar. 2022, pp. 588–599, doi:10.1080/09637486.2022.2048359; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35291895/
    83. Heller R, et al; “L-Ascorbic acid potentiates nitric oxide synthesis in endothelial cells”; J Biol Chem; 1999; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10075731
    84. Paschilis, V. et al.”Low vitamin C values are linked with decreased physical performance and increased oxidative stress: reversal by vitamin C supplementation”; Eur J Nutr (2014); https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25526969
    85. Huck, Corey J., et al. “Vitamin c Status and Perception of Effort during Exercise in Obese Adults Adhering to a Calorie-Reduced Diet.” Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), vol. 29, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2013, pp. 42–45, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22677357/, 10.1016/j.nut.2012.01.021; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22677357/
    86. Nakhostin-Roohi, B., et al. “Effect of Vitamin c Supplementation on Lipid Peroxidation, Muscle Damage and Inflammation after 30-Min Exercise at 75% VO2max.” The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, vol. 48, no. 2, 1 June 2008, pp. 217–224; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18427418/
    87. Bryer, S.C., and A.H. Goldfarb. “Effect of High Dose Vitamin c Supplementation on Muscle Soreness, Damage, Function, and Oxidative Stress to Eccentric Exercise.” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, vol. 16, no. 3, June 2006, pp. 270–280, 10.1123/ijsnem.16.3.270; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16948483/
    88. Costa, Adilson, et al. “Assessment of Clinical Effects and Safety of an Oral Supplement Based on Marine Protein, Vitamin C, Grape Seed Extract, Zinc, and Tomato Extract in the Improvement of Visible Signs of Skin Aging in Men.” Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, vol. 8, 29 June 2015, pp. 319–328, 10.2147/CCID.S79447; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4492544/
    89. Cantó, Carles, et al. “NAD+ Metabolism and the Control of Energy Homeostasis: A Balancing Act between Mitochondria and the Nucleus.” Cell Metabolism, vol. 22, no. 1, July 2015, pp. 31–53, 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.023; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4487780/
    90. Chini, Claudia C.S., et al. “NAD and the Aging Process: Role in Life, Death and Everything in Between.” Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 455, Nov. 2017, pp. 62–74, 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.003; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5419884/
    91. Yang, Yue, and Anthony A. Sauve. “NAD+ Metabolism: Bioenergetics, Signaling and Manipulation for Therapy.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 1864, no. 12, 1 Dec. 2016, pp. 1787–1800, 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.06.014; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5521000/
    92. National Institutes of Health. “Vitamin B6 – Fact Sheet For Health Professionals.” Office of Dietary Supplements; https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/
    93. Merrill, Alfred H., et al. “Evidence for the Regulation of Pyridoxal 5′-Phosphate Formation in Liver by Pyridoxamine (Pyridoxine) 5′-Phosphate Oxidase.” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 83, no. 3, 14 Aug. 1978, pp. 984–990, doi:10.1016/0006-291X(78)91492-4; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0006291X78914924
    94. Zuo, Hui, et al. “Markers of Vitamin B6 Status and Metabolism as Predictors of Incident Cancer: The Hordaland Health Study.” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 136, no. 12, 26 Nov. 2014, pp. 2932–2939, doi:10.1002/ijc.29345; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.29345
    95. Schaumburg, H, et al; “Sensory Neuropathy from Pyridoxine Abuse. A New Megavitamin Syndrome”; The New England Journal of Medicine; U.S. National Library of Medicine; 25 Aug. 1983; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6308447
    96. Vrolijk, Misha F, et al. “The Vitamin B6 Paradox: Supplementation with High Concentrations of Pyridoxine Leads to Decreased Vitamin B6 Function.” Toxicology in Vitro : An International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA, vol. 44, 2017, pp. 206–212, doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2017.07.009; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28716455/
    97. Herbert, V; “Vitamin B-12: Plant Sources, Requirements, and Assay”; Am J Clin Nutr September 1988; vol. 48 no. 3 852-858; http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/48/3/852.long
    98. Bottiglieri, T; “Folate, vitamin B₁₂, and S-adenosylmethionine”; Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2013 Mar;36(1):1-13; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23538072
    99. Obeid, R., Fedosov, S. N. and Nexo, E. (2015), “Cobalamin coenzyme forms are not likely to be superior to cyano- and hydroxyl-cobalamin in prevention or treatment of cobalamin deficiency”; Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 59: 1364–1372; http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.201500019/full
    100. Adams, J; “Absorption of cyanocobalamin, coenzyme B 12 , methylcobalamin, and hydroxocobalamin at different dose levels”; Scand J Gastroenterol. 1971;6(3):249-52; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5560708

    Comments and Discussion (Powered by the PricePlow Forum)