The Glaxon Holy Trinity: Flight, Anomaly, and Alpha 365 for Muscle Gains

Any “who’s who” list of major players in the supplement industry has to put Glaxon at or near the top. The intellectual firepower of the company’s science team, led by Chief Science Officer Joey Savage (see PricePlow Podcast #057 and #090), is why Glaxon is always equipped to push the industry envelope — in a good way. It seems like every single release from Glaxon pioneers at least one new, almost-totally-unheard-of ingredient that turns out to be pretty awesome on close examination.

The Holy Trinity: Glaxon’s Muscle and Recovery Stack

Glaxon Muscle Building Stack

Meet “The Holy Trinity”: Glaxon’s Muscle Building Stack of Anomaly, Flight Regenerate, and Alpha 365!

Today, instead of covering a single Glaxon product, we’re going to talk about how you could combine three different products for incredible gains, testosterone boosting, and metabolic support.

The products we’re covering are:

  1. Flight, which is designed to optimize your body’s exercise capacity and ability to recover from it;
  2. Anomaly, a novel muscle builder that’s the first dietary supplement with headliner ingredient PeptiStrong has a powerful effect on the body’s anabolic machinery; and
  3. Alpha 365, which is Glaxon’s natural testosterone-boosting formula, which can be taken 365 days a year.

After all, it’s not all about pre-workouts — despite how much we love Specimen Genesis and Specimen Max for when you really need the energy.

We’re not sure of the official name for this stack, but we’ve heard it called The Holy Trinity… so that’s what we’re going with today.

Let’s get into each one, but first, be sure to sign up for PricePlow’s Glaxon news and alerts, so that you don’t miss their future releases – they’ve had some incredible limited-edition drops lately:

Glaxon – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

Get Price Alerts

No spam, no scams.

Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

This area is reserved for Team PricePlow's upcoming Product Comparison video.

Subscribe to our channel and sign up for notifications so you catch it when it goes live!

Subscribe to PricePlow on YouTube!

The Holy Trinity Stack from Glaxon

Here’s a brief discussion about the three Glaxon products we’d recommend combining for rapid gains in the squat rack, higher energy, and an easier recomp process:

  • Glaxon Flight

    Glaxon Flight

    While we tend to fixate on protein intake for muscle growth, providing your body with raw materials isn’t the whole story. The human body is not merely a mechanical system, but also an informational system, and Glaxon Flight is formulated to leverage those informational pathways. It’s loaded with bioactive peptides and other growth factors that have a disproportionately large impact on muscle growth.

    Here’s what’s inside:

    • Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) [Fruit] Extract (Std. to 30% Proanthocyanidins as CyanthOx) – 500 mg:

      Sea buckthorn is a deciduous fruiting shrub native to Europe and central Asia. Its history of use dates back to ancient Greece, where scholars noted that horses fed with sea buckthorn’s berries rapidly gained muscle mass and developed a healthy coat.[1] Although research in humans remains limited, more modern animal research has shown that sea buckthorn can activate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a key anabolic pathway, while inhibiting the anti-anabolic messenger myostatin.[2]

      Glaxon Flight Regenerate Ingredients

      A 2023 research review of animal and in vitro evidence concluded that four unique peptides derived from sea buckthorn can facilitate the synthesis of muscle glycogen,[3] while the proanthocyanidin polyphenols exert powerful antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects.[4]

    • Bovine (Bos taurus) [Orchic] Extract – 300 mg: No joke – this is actually cow testicular tissue.

      Glaxon Flight Regenerate

      While it’s not clear that orchic extract is an orally bioavailable source of anabolic factors like testosterone (Glaxon’s DR Caps and the Lipidox at the bottom of the label definitely help!), bovine glandular tissue in general is made up of collagen peptides types I and III, which are crucial for the repair of connective tissue and inflammation-driven damage.[5,6] These types of collagen can also promote bone remineralization,[7] which is a rarely-discussed, yet important, aspect of recovery from resistance training.

    • Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) [Algae Body] Powder – 250 mg:

      Special bioactive peptides found in spirulina have been shown to possess powerful antioxidant effects.[8] In one study on elite rugby players, spirulina prevented exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, inflammation and skeletal muscle damage, resulting in much faster recovery for the athletes.[9]

    • Porcine (Sus domestica) [Placenta] Powder – 200 mg:

      Another wildly unique addition alongside the bovine orchic extract, the leucine and glycine peptides in this ingredient have been shown to improve many markers of post-workout fatigue, including lactate dehydrogenase, lactate, and creatine kinase.[10] A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in humans also showed that it can reduce cortisol levels and fatigue following exhaustive treadmill exercise.[11]

    • Bovine (Bos taurus) [Colostrum] Powder – 200 mg:
      Glaxon's Michael Bischoff and Joey Savage Bring Energy Drinks and Cereal to the PricePlow Podcast!

      Glaxon’s Michael Bischoff and Joey Savage Bring Energy Drinks and Cereal to the PricePlow Podcast in their second episode with us, titled Glaxon to the Moon: Michael Bischoff & Joey Savage #2 | PPP #090!

      Colostrum is the first milk produced by mammals after giving birth. It’s especially rich in nutrients and growth factors that can help increase plasma IGF-1, intramuscular buffering capacity, lean body mass, and salivary IgA – all important for recovery from exercise.[12] Colostrum can even improve endurance exercise performance when taken daily for five weeks.[13]

    • Japanese Kelp (Laminaria japonica) [Whole Plant] Extract – 150 mg:

      You’ve probably heard a lot about brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein that makes neurons grow, in the context of brain health. But did you know BDNF also supports muscle protein synthesis?[14] A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study in middle-aged women found that regular consumption of Laminaria japonica can actually help reverse sarcopenia by upregulating BDNF.[15]

    • Lipidox (Milk Fat Globule Membrane & Bovine Bile) – 125 mg:

      Milk fat globule membrane has been shown to help improve neuromotor function,[16] and bovine bile is thought to aid digestion – more specifically, absorbing nutrients like the ingredients in Glaxon Flight.[17]

    Listen to Joey Savage talk about the original Glaxon Flight

    The label and formula’s changed a bit since this video was made, but if you want to dive deep into some of these ingredients, you must watch this episode with Joey on the Supplement Lab:

    Subscribe to PricePlow on YouTube!

    Glaxon Flight Regenerate – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

    Get Price Alerts

    No spam, no scams.

    Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

    Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

  • Glaxon Anomaly

    Glaxon Anomaly

    Glaxon Anomaly is an incredibly unique muscle-building supplement that downregulates catabolic-promoting genes and can promote more anabolic response. Get ready for a science lesson in this article

    In keeping with the anabolic informatics theme, we have Glaxon Anomaly, which consists of just two ingredients: PeptiStrong and achiote tree seed extract. Both have been shown to target hormonal and, perhaps more impressively, genetic pathways that are essential for building and preserving muscle.

    • Fava Bean (Vicia faba) Hydrolysate (as PeptiStrong) – 2,400 mg:

      PeptiStrong is a network of peptides that was identified as a powerful anabolic agent using a powerful suite of AI-driven research tools, conducted by an Irish biotechnology company called Nuritas.

      PeptiStrong helps build muscle by activating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an ancient and evolutionarily conserved anabolic mechanism.[18] Admittedly, mTOR is a complex topic, but in simple terms, it governs the body’s utilization of protein – and thus cellular proliferation, including muscle cells.

      For example, when mTOR isn’t active enough, the result is muscle wasting.[19] In animals that have been forcibly immobilized, a situation that usually also causes muscle wasting, activating mTOR can prevent that loss of muscle.[20] Animal research shows that a targeted inhibition of mTOR during resistance training blunts the body’s hypertrophic response to exercise.[21] Animals whose mTOR pathway has been genetically knocked out typically experience rapid muscle wasting.[22]

      Glaxon Anomaly Supplement Facts

      You haven’t seen a muscle-building supplement quite like this one. Read on and watch as the pathways converge

      With all of that in mind, it should be easy to see the importance of the fact that PeptiStrong stimulates anabolic mTOR pathways.[23]

      PeptiStrong Strength & Recovery Study: Biomarkers

      PeptiStrong supplementation positively affected the blood concentrations of various myokines that are crucial for muscle growth.[24]

      Human studies on PeptiStrong have shown that

      • it can significantly improve the anabolic response to exercise, partly by inhibiting myostatin, a messenger molecule that ordinarily acts as a brake on muscle growth.[24]
      • In one study where subjects immobilized one leg for a week by wearing a plaster cast, PeptiStrong significantly accelerated the recovery of muscle lost during immobilization.[25]

      Earlier research also shows that:

      Glaxon Anomaly Muscle builder

      • It can also help reduce muscle catabolism by downregulating tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α),[2] an inflammatory cytokine linked to muscle wasting[26] and sarcopenia.[27]
      • It decreases the expression of the following catabolism-related genes:
        • Fbxo32, a gene that must be expressed in order for muscular atrophy to occur.[25,28] Fbxo32 knockout mice (mice with the gene deleted) are resistant to muscle loss.[28]
        • Trim63, a gene responsible for driving muscle loss during starvation.[29]
        • Atrogin-1, a protein that’s encoded by Fbxo32[30] and is typically expressed in situations of extreme muscle wasting.[30,31]
      • Achiote Tree (Bixa orellana) [Seed] Extract (Std. to 30% Geranylgeraniol (Yielding 150 mgs) as GG-Gold) – 500 mg:

        Achiote tree contains a bioactive constituent called geranylgeraniol (GGOH), which has powerful effects on metabolism and muscle growth.

        Glaxon Anomaly Supplement

        GGOH increases the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) proteins, which is a big deal since StAR proteins transport cholesterol for steroidogenesis, the process by which the body converts cholesterol into steroid hormones like testosterone.[32] It also upregulates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a messenger molecule that promotes fat burning, testosterone production, and muscle growth.[33,34] GGOH also suppresses atrogin-1,[35] a gene responsible for inducing muscular atrophy.[30,31]

        One 2020 study found that GGOH completely prevented muscular atrophy from denervation in mice, which is a remarkable finding since total prevention of catabolism is almost unheard of in any context.[35] As it turns out, GGOH also suppresses atrogin-1,[35] the pro-catabolic Fbxo32-encoded protein we mentioned earlier in the PeptiStrong section.

      We’ve gone on and on about PeptiStrong recently – it’s the breakout ingredient of 2023, and Glaxon was first to market with it, with an incredible add-on to the formula in GG-Gold.

      You can learn more in three great pieces of content on PeptiStrong:

      Glaxon Anomaly – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

      Get Price Alerts

      No spam, no scams.

      Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

      Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

    • Glaxon Alpha 365

      After all that talk about obscure genetic and informational mechanisms for muscle growth, it may be refreshing to read about something more straightforward, or at least familiar: Glaxon’s Alpha 365, a daily testosterone-boosting formula. When Glaxon has “365” in the name, this means that it can be taken each and every day, all year long.

      Glaxon Alpha 365

      We all know how important androgens like testosterone are for exercise tolerance and muscle building, so let’s take a close look at how Alpha 365 can optimize this crucial dimension of health and performance:

      • Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) [Seed] Extract (Std. to 50% Saponins) – 600 mg:

        A potent inhibitor of aromatase, fenugreek is an enzyme that converts testosterone into estrogen.[36] Supplementation has been shown to increase both total and free (unbound, biologically active) testosterone levels as well as strength, lean mass, and libido.[29,37] One study found that fenugreek caused 98.7% increase in free testosterone during resistance training, compared to the placebo group’s 48.8%.[37]

      • Maca (Lepidium meyenii) [Root] Powder – 500 mg:

        Although not technically a testosterone booster,[38,39] maca is often included in T-boosting formulas because it has androgenic effects like improved sperm count and libido.[40-43] Maca also seems to support prostate health.[44] With its improvements to libido, it brings the feel of increased testosterone (as does the next ingredient), which is a big part of the battle.

      • Puncture Vine (Tribulus terrestris) [Fruit] Extract (Std. to 45% Saponins) – 200 mg:

        Long used as a tonic for sexual health in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine,[45] Tribulus terrestris comes recommended by a large and impressive body of animal research showing its positive effects on nitric oxide[46] and erectile function,[47] as well as serum testosterone.[47,48] Studies in humans are lacking, but there is a primate study where Tribulus was shown to increase testosterone, DHT, and DHEA by 52%, 31%, and 29% respectively.[49]

        Glaxon Alpha 365 Ingredients

      • Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) 100:1 Extract (Root) – 200 mg:

        This is another plant with a history of use in folk medicine.[50] Although the evidence on tongkat’s testosterone-boosting effects is mixed,[51] a randomized-controlled trial from 2012 found large and statistically significant improvements to libido and sexual function from tongkat supplementation.[52]

      • Ursolic Acid LEO-HB [Yielding 49 mg Ursolic Acid] Pea (Pisum sativum) [Seed] Hydrolysate, Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) [Aerial Parts] Extract (Std. to 90% Ursolic Acid) Glycerol – 185 mg:

        Ursolic acid is not really a testosterone booster, but is included in Alpha 365 because of its incredible metabolic benefits. According to a very thorough 2017 review of 17 different studies on ursolic acid, this triterpenoid compound can improve total energy expenditure, fat burning, muscle strength, glycemic control, and lean mass.[53] It also seems to increase exercise capacity and cardiovascular endurance.[54]

      • Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) [Aerial Parts] (Std. to 3,3′-Diindolylmethane) – 100 mg:

        Glaxon Alpha 365 Supplement

        The bioactive metabolite diindolylmethane (DIM) modulates estrogen metabolism in a couple of favorable ways. First, as an aromatase inhibitor, it decreases the conversion of testosterone to estrogen.[55] But besides decreasing overall estrogen levels, DIM also increases the body’s ratio of healthy estrogens to unhealthy estrogens.[56-59] The healthy estrogens – 2-hydroxylated forms – are associated with lean body composition.[60]

      • PrimaVie (Shilajit Fulvic Acid Complex) – 100 mg:

        Granted, this is a slightly small dose of shilajit, but one study found that a 200-milligram dose can improve sperm count by more than 60%, with a 24% increase in testosterone.[61] We haven’t seen studies on smaller doses, but we’re pretty sure 100 milligrams will still yield significant benefit.

      • Lipidox (Milk Fat Globule Membrane & Bovine Bile) – 125 mg:

        Milk fat globule membrane has been shown to help improve neuromotor function,[16] and bovine bile is thought to aid digestion – more specifically, the absorption of nutrients like the ingredients in Glaxon Alpha 365.[17]

      • Celery (Apium graveolens) [Seed] Extract (Std. for 98% Apigenin) – 25 mg:

        Apigenin is a flavonoid and potent natural aromatase inhibitor.[62] But it also seems to increase testosterone by the same mechanism as the achiote tree extract we discussed in the Glaxon Anomaly section – it upregulates cyclic AMP (cAMP)-induced steroidogenesis and StAR protein expression.[63]

      • Pregnenolone – 25 mg:

        This one of the most important hormones in the body, albeit little-known. As you can see from the inset chart, pregnenolone is the precursor to all steroid hormones – including testosterone, obviously – and is converted from cholesterol by the body.[64] Note also that the chart refers to StAR, a transporter protein that supplies cholesterol to leydig mitochondria for conversion to pregnenolone.

        Pregnenolone Steroid Biosynthesis Pathway

        Pregnenolone is the starting point of all steroid and neurosteroid synthesis.[64] Annotation in red ours.

      • Bororganic Glycine – 10 mg:

        Glaxon Multi + Mood + Metabolism

        Glaxon has formulated a new multivitamin supplement in a very Glaxon way. It’s powered by additional MitoBurn L-BAIBA, SAMe, and boron — three things we don’t see in multivitamins but can be beneficial for everyone.

        This is boron glycinate, a glycine-chelated form of the mineral boron. We like seeing chelated minerals in general because they’re more bioavailable across the board than non-chelated forms.[65-68]

        As for boron itself, there’s limited but compelling evidence that this mineral can significantly increase free testosterone while decreasing estrogen.[69] There’s even better evidence that boron can increase vitamin D production and half-life, as well as improve the body’s magnesium uptake.[69-71] Magnesium and vitamin D are both significant factors in testosterone production,[71,72] so boron is a T-boosting win, in our book.

      • Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) [Fruit] Extract [Std. to 95% Piperine as BioPerine] – 5 mg:

        The alkaloid piperine helps improve the absorption of other nutrients, by inhibiting stomach enzymes that ordinarily break those nutrients down before they can be absorbed into the bloodstream.[73]

      Glaxon Alpha 365 – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

      Get Price Alerts

      No spam, no scams.

      Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

      Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

    How They Work Together for Great Natural Gains

    The big-picture concept behind how these three products work together is that

    Glaxon Anomaly Flight Alpha 365

    1. Flight creates optimal conditions for recovery from exercise, in addition to attenuating the damage and stress that exercise can cause in the first place. This should give you the ability to work out harder, but also to work out more.
    2. Then Anomaly leverages that increased exercise capacity and improved recovery into anabolic-specific mechanisms.
    3. And finally, Alpha 365 helps create the foundation for the other two products to work at their absolute best – a favorable hormonal environment characterized by increased testosterone production, as well as a higher testosterone-to-estrogen ratio.

    Just to give one specific example of this, we know that increased testosterone from Alpha 365 should also increase the number of satellite cells in muscle tissue,[74] which is a huge deal for muscle growth because satellite cells are skeletal muscle stem cells. A higher number of satellite cells represents increased anabolic potential within muscles. At the same time, mTOR activation, particularly from the PeptiStrong in Anomaly, is a necessary pathway for those satellite cells to grow, fuse, and create new muscle fibers.[75]

    Optimizing the StAR Pathway

    One of the more interesting resonances we see within this stack is the multi-pronged approach to optimizing the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) pathway. If you need a reminder about what this is, refer to the inset steroid conversion pathway graph – StAR is what transports cholesterol into the mitochondria of Leydig cells, which then convert cholesterol into pregnenolone. The GGOH from achiote and apigenin from celery both have a documented ability to upregulate StAR. And, if that weren’t enough, Glaxon also gives you a significant amount of extra pregnenolone in Alpha 365.

    Glaxon knows the pregnenolone connection

    Formulator's Corner #9: Pre-Workout Support Supplement

    In Formulator’s Corner #9, we publish Joey Savage’s design for a Pre-Workout Support Supplement to take the standard pre-workout way further. Of note, there’s pregnenolone and a massive 2000 milligram dose of BioNMN!

    Focusing on this pathway is an awesome strategy for increasing overall androgen activity because, as you can see from the graph, there is no negative feedback mechanism in the cholesterol-to-pregnenolone conversion. This makes pregnenolone upregulation an awesome way to optimize the functioning of all downstream steroid conversion mechanisms, without any risk of shutting down endogenous hormone production.

    Glaxon is one of the industry leaders on understanding and utilizing pregnenolone, as was demonstrated in the Formulator’s Corner we did with Glaxon’s chief science officer Joey Savage last year. If you missed it, check out our post about it: Formulator’s Corner #09: An Additive Pre Workout SUPPORT Supplement.

    A two-pronged myostatin inhibition stack

    Another very interesting thing to note about this combination is the significant myostatin-inhibiting activity of two headliner ingredients – sea buckthorn in Flight and PeptiStrong in Anomaly. Myostatin inhibition is something of a holy grail in sports nutrition science since it seems to be the primary factor in the human body’s anabolic ceiling. The general consensus is that if we can find a reliable way to turn off this “muscular thermostat,” the sky’s the limit when it comes to building muscle.

    Finally, aromatase inhibition

    There’s also a lot of aromatase inhibition going on in this stack – fenugreek, DIM, and apigenin all have significant documented anti-aromatase activity.

    Build a stack on Glaxon’s Website!

    In case you didn’t know, you can see Glaxon’s “Build-a-Stack” page, where adding 3 products together saves you 20%. Unfortunately, you won’t be able to combine that one with our PRICEPLOW coupon code… and all three products need to be in stock on their site.

    Glaxon Stack and Save

    Check it out or put your stack together with PricePlow’s best deals in the widgets shown above.

    Last Note: Consider Adding Creatine

    Glaxon Electro Creatine

    Glaxon Electro Creatine combines creatine monohydrate with their trademarked hydrating Astrolyte blend – bringing a bit of extra synergy for your creatine transporters.

    Could we make this stack even better? Undoubtedly, and one strategy that comes immediately to mind is adding creatine. Fortunately for us, Glaxon makes creatine, too! See Glaxon Electro Creatine.

    Creatine should be a great addition here because this stack is heavy on mTOR activation, especially because of the PeptiStrong. And when mTOR is activated, what’s happening chemically is a process called phosphorylation, in which the enzyme mTOR kinase transfers phosphate groups to other proteins in your muscle. Since creatine is a powerful phosphate donor, it should, in theory, help support this process of mTOR phosphorylation.

    Ultimately, this is a powerhouse stack for those big months. Toss in some Specimen Genesis (or Specimen Max if you’re really needing the energy) and prepare to naturally shatter your plateaus.

    Glaxon – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

    Get Price Alerts

    No spam, no scams.

    Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

    Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

About the Author: Mike Roberto

Mike Roberto

Mike Roberto is a research scientist and water sports athlete who founded PricePlow. He is an n=1 diet experimenter with extensive experience in supplementation and dietary modification, whose personal expertise stems from several experiments done on himself while sharing lab tests.

Mike's goal is to bridge the gap between nutritional research scientists and non-academics who seek to better their health in a system that has catastrophically failed the public. Mike is currently experimenting with a low Vitamin A diet.

No Comments | Posted in | Tagged , , , , , , , , .

References

  1. Li, Thomas. Product Development of Sea Buckthorn. ASHS Press, 2002 https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/pdf/li.pdf
  2. Qin, Xuze et al. “Effects of dietary sea buckthorn pomace supplementation on skeletal muscle mass and meat quality in lambs.” Meat science vol. 166 (2020): 108141. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108141 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0309174019311180
  3. Chen, Ying et al. “Bioactive Compounds in Sea Buckthorn and their Efficacy in Preventing and Treating Metabolic Syndrome.” Foods (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 12,10 1985. 13 May. 2023, doi:10.3390/foods12101985 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10217465/
  4. Zhu, Xiping et al. “Hypoglycemic Effect of Hydrophobic BCAA Peptides Is Associated with Altered PI3K/Akt Protein Expression.” Journal of agricultural and food chemistry vol. 69,15 (2021): 4446-4452. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00726 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00726
  5. Varma S, Orgel JP, Schieber JD. Nanomechanics of Type I Collagen. Biophys J. 2016 Jul 12;111(1):50-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.05.038; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4945622/
  6. Cerqueira É, Marinho DA, Neiva HP and Lourenço O (2020) Inflammatory Effects of High and Moderate Intensity Exercise—A Systematic Review. Front. Physiol. 10:1550. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01550; https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2019.01550/full
  7. Liu J, Zhang B, Song S, Ma M, Si S, Wang Y, Xu B, Feng K, Wu J, Guo Y. Bovine collagen peptides compounds promote the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 13;9(6):e99920. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099920; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4057461/
  8. Zeng, Qiao-Hui et al. “Recovery and identification bioactive peptides from protein isolate of Spirulina platensis and their in vitro effectiveness against oxidative stress-induced erythrocyte hemolysis.” Journal of the science of food and agriculture vol. 100,9 (2020): 3776-3782. doi:10.1002/jsfa.10408 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jsfa.10408
  9. Chaouachi, Mehdi et al. “Spirulina supplementation prevents exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, inflammation and skeletal muscle damage in elite rugby players.” Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association vol. 35,6 (2022): 1151-1163. doi:10.1111/jhn.13014 https://hal.science/hal-03660101
  10. Han, Na-Ra et al. “Leucine and glycine dipeptides of porcine placenta ameliorate physical fatigue through enhancing dopaminergic systems.” Molecular medicine reports vol. 17,3 (2018): 4120-4130. doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.8335 https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/mmr.2017.8335
  11. Yoon, Dong Hyun et al. “The Effect of Fermented Porcine Placental Extract on Fatigue-Related Parameters in Healthy Adults: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.” Nutrients vol. 12,10 3086. 11 Oct. 2020, doi:10.3390/nu12103086 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7599738/
  12. vShing, Cecilia M et al. “Bovine colostrum supplementation and exercise performance: potential mechanisms.” Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) vol. 39,12 (2009): 1033-54. doi:10.2165/11317860-000000000-00000 https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/11317860-000000000-00000
  13. Shing, C M et al. “The influence of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in highly trained cyclists.” British journal of sports medicine vol. 40,9 (2006): 797-801. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.027946 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564397/
  14. Rentería, I et al. “The Molecular Effects of BDNF Synthesis on Skeletal Muscle: A Mini-Review.” Frontiers in physiology vol. 13 934714. 6 Jul. 2022, doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.934714 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9306488/
  15. Choi, Wook-chul, et al. “Effects of γ-Aminobutyric Acid-Enriched Fermented Sea Tangle (Laminaria Japonica) on Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor-Related Muscle Growth and Lipolysis in Middle Aged Women.” ALGAE, vol. 31, no. 2, 2016, pp. 175–187, koreascience.kr/article/JAKO201627035756506.page, https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2016.31.6.12
  16. Minegishi Y, Ota N, Soga S, Shimotoyodome A. Effects of Nutritional Supplementation with Milk Fat Globule Membrane on Physical and Muscle Function in Healthy Adults Aged 60 and Over with Semiweekly Light Exercise: A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2016;62(6):409-415. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.62.409; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28202846/
  17. Wang, David Q-H, and Martin C Carey. “Therapeutic uses of animal biles in traditional Chinese medicine: an ethnopharmacological, biophysical chemical and medicinal review.” World journal of gastroenterology vol. 20,29 (2014): 9952-75. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9952 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4123376/
  18. Hay, N. “Upstream and Downstream of MTOR.” Genes & Development, vol. 18, no. 16, 15 Aug. 2004, pp. 1926–1945, 10.1101/gad.1212704; http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/18/16/1926.full
  19. Zhang, Qing et al. “Lack of muscle mTOR kinase activity causes early onset myopathy and compromises whole-body homeostasis.” Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle vol. 10,1 (2019): 35-53. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12336; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6438346/
  20. You, Jae-Sung et al. “The role of mTOR signaling in the regulation of protein synthesis and muscle mass during immobilization in mice.” Disease models & mechanisms vol. 8,9 (2015): 1059-69. doi:10.1242/dmm.019414; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4582099/
  21. Ogasawara, Riki, et al. “The Role of MTOR Signalling in the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Mass in a Rodent Model of Resistance Exercise.” Scientific Reports, vol. 6, no. 1, 9 Aug. 2016, 10.1038/srep31142; https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31142
  22. ‌Yoon, Mee-Sup. “MTOR as a Key Regulator in Maintaining Skeletal Muscle Mass.” Frontiers in Physiology, vol. 8, 17 Oct. 2017, 10.3389/fphys.2017.00788. Accessed 8 May 2020; https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2017.00788/full
  23. Cal R, Davis H, Kerr A, Wall A, Molloy B, Chauhan S, Trajkovic S, Holyer I, Adelfio A, Khaldi N. Preclinical Evaluation of a Food-Derived Functional Ingredient to Address Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Nutrients. 2020; 12(8):2274; https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/8/2274/htm
  24. Kerr, Alish et al. “Improved Strength Recovery and Reduced Fatigue with Suppressed Plasma Myostatin Following Supplementation of a Vicia faba Hydrolysate, in a Healthy Male Population.” Nutrients vol. 15,4 986. 16 Feb. 2023, doi:10.3390/nu15040986 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9967853/
  25. Bodine SC, Latres E, Baumhueter S, Lai VK, Nunez L, Clarke BA, Poueymirou WT, Panaro FJ, Na E, Dharmarajan K, Pan ZQ, Valenzuela DM, DeChiara TM, Stitt TN, Yancopoulos GD, Glass DJ. Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy. Science. 2001 Nov 23;294(5547):1704-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1065874; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11679633/
  26. Reid, M.B., Li, YP. Tumor necrosis factor-α and muscle wasting: a cellular perspective. Respir Res 2, 269 (2001); https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/rr67
  27. Brown LA, Guzman SD, Brooks SV. Emerging molecular mediators and targets for age-related skeletal muscle atrophy. Transl Res. 2020 Jul;221:44-57. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.03.001; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32243876/
  28. Gomes MD, Lecker SH, Jagoe RT, Navon A, Goldberg AL. Atrogin-1, a muscle-specific F-box protein highly expressed during muscle atrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Dec 4;98(25):14440-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.251541198; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11717410/
  29. Poole, Chris et al.; “The effects of a commercially available botanical supplement on strength, body composition, power output, and hormonal profiles in resistance-trained males.”; Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition vol. 7 34. 27 Oct. 2010, doi:10.1186/1550-2783-7-34; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2978122/
  30. Gomes, Marcelo D., et al. “Atrogin-1, a Muscle-Specific F-Box Protein Highly Expressed during Muscle Atrophy.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 98, no. 25, 4 Dec. 2001, pp. 14440–14445, 10.1073/pnas.251541198; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC64700/
  31. Bodine, Sue C., and Leslie M. Baehr. “Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and the E3 Ubiquitin Ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx/Atrogin-1.” American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 307, no. 6, 15 Sept. 2014, pp. E469–E484, 10.1152/ajpendo.00204.2014; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166716/
  32. Ho, Hsin-Jung, et al; “Geranylgeraniol Enhances Testosterone Production via the CAMP/Protein Kinase A Pathway in Testis-Derived I-10 Tumor Cells.”; Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry; vol. 80, no. 4, 2016; pp. 791–797; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09168451.2015.1123612
  33. Godard, M P, et al; “Body Composition and Hormonal Adaptations Associated with Forskolin Consumption in Overweight and Obese Men.”; Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports; U.S. National Library of Medicine; Aug. 2005; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129715
  34. Sharad Kumar Srivastava, et al; “Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Coleus forskohlii.”; Pharmaceutical Biology; 40:2; 2002; 129-134; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1076/phbi.40.2.129.5842
  35. Miyawaki, Aki et al. “Oral Administration of Geranylgeraniol Rescues Denervation-induced Muscle Atrophy via Suppression of Atrogin-1.” In vivo (Athens, Greece) vol. 34,5 (2020): 2345-2351. doi:10.21873/invivo.12047; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7652489/
  36. Wilborn C. et al.; “Effects of a purported aromatase and 5α-reductase inhibitor on hormone profiles in college-age men.”; Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2010;20(6):457‐465. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.20.6.457; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21116018/
  37. Wankhede, Sachin et al.; “Beneficial effects of fenugreek glycoside supplementation in male subjects during resistance training: A randomized controlled pilot study.”; Journal of sport and health science vol. 5,2 (2016): 176-182. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2014.09.005; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6191980/
  38. Brooks, N. A., Wilcox, G., Walker, K. Z., Ashton, J. F., Cox, M. B., & Stojanovska, L. (2008). Beneficial effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on psychological symptoms and measures of sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women are not related to estrogen or androgen content. Menopause, 15(6), 1157–1162. doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e3181732953 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784609
  39. Zenico, T., Cicero, A. F. G., Valmorri, L., Mercuriali, M., & Bercovich, E. (2009). Subjective effects ofLepidium meyenii(Maca) extract on well-being and sexual performances in patients with mild erectile dysfunction: a randomised, double-blind clinical trial. Andrologia, 41(2), 95–99. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2008.00892.x https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19260845
  40. Stone, M., Ibarra, A., Roller, M., Zangara, A., & Stevenson, E. (2009). A pilot investigation into the effect of maca supplementation on physical activity and sexual desire in sportsmen. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 126(3), 574–576. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.012 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19781622
  41. Gonzales, G. F., Cordova, A., Vega, K., Chung, A., Villena, A., Gonez, C., & Castillo, S. (2002). Effect of Lepidium meyenii (MACA) on sexual desire and its absent relationship with serum testosterone levels in adult healthy men. Andrologia, 34(6), 367–372. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0272.2002.00519.x https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12472620
  42. Gonzales, G. F., Nieto, J., Rubio, J., & Gasco, M. (2006). Effect of Black maca (Lepidium meyenii) on one spermatogenic cycle in rats. Andrologia, 38(5), 166–172. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2006.00733.x https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16961569
  43. Yucra, S., Gasco, M., Rubio, J., Nieto, J., & Gonzales, G. F. (2008). Effect of different fractions from hydroalcoholic extract of Black Maca (Lepidium meyenii) on testicular function in adult male rats. Fertility and Sterility, 89(5), 1461–1467. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.04.052 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17669402
  44. Zou, Y., Aboshora, W., Li, J., Xiao, T., & Zhang, L. (2017). Protective Effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) Aqueous Extract and Lycopene on Testosterone Propionate-Induced Prostatic Hyperplasia in Mice. Phytotherapy Research, 31(8), 1192–1198. doi:10.1002/ptr.5838 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28635053
  45. Chhatre, Saurabh, et al; “Phytopharmacological Overview of Tribulus Terrestris.”; Pharmacognosy Reviews; Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd; Jan. 2014; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3931200/
  46. Adaikan, P G, et al; “Proerectile Pharmacological Effects of Tribulus Terrestris Extract on the Rabbit Corpus Cavernosum.”; Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore; U.S. National Library of Medicine; Jan. 2000; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10748960/
  47. Gauthaman K, Ganesan AP, Prasad RN. Sexual effects of puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) extract (protodioscin): an evaluation using a rat model. J Altern Complement Med. 2003 Apr;9(2):257-65. doi: 10.1089/10755530360623374. PMID: 12804079. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12804079/
  48. Singh, Surender, et al; “Evaluation of the Aphrodisiac Activity of Tribulus Terrestris Linn. in Sexually Sluggish Male Albino Rats.”; Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics; Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd; Jan. 2012; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3284036/
  49. Gauthaman K, Ganesan AP. The hormonal effects of Tribulus terrestris and its role in the management of male erectile dysfunction–an evaluation using primates, rabbit and rat. Phytomedicine. 2008 Jan;15(1-2):44-54. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.011. PMID: 18068966; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18068966/
  50. Adaikan, P G, et al; “Proerectile Pharmacological Effects of Tribulus Terrestris Extract on the Rabbit Corpus Cavernosum.”; Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore; U.S. National Library of Medicine; Jan. 2000; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10748960/
  51. Zenico, T., Cicero, A. F. G., Valmorri, L., Mercuriali, M., & Bercovich, E. (2009). Subjective effects ofLepidium meyenii(Maca) extract on well-being and sexual performances in patients with mild erectile dysfunction: a randomised, double-blind clinical trial. Andrologia, 41(2), 95–99. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2008.00892.x https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19260845
  52. Singh, Surender, et al; “Evaluation of the Aphrodisiac Activity of Tribulus Terrestris Linn. in Sexually Sluggish Male Albino Rats.”; Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics; Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd; Jan. 2012; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3284036/
  53. Katashima, C, et al; “Ursolic acid and mechanisms of actions on adipose and muscle tissue: a systematic review”; Obesity Reviews; 18(6):700-711; June 2017; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28335087
  54. Seo, Dae Yun et al. “Ursolic acid in health and disease.” The Korean journal of physiology & pharmacology : official journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology vol. 22,3 (2018): 235-248. doi:10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.3.235 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5928337/
  55. Thomson, Cynthia A., et al. “Chemopreventive Properties of 3,3′-Diindolylmethane in Breast Cancer: Evidence from Experimental and Human Studies.” Nutrition Reviews, vol. 74, no. 7, 1 July 2016, pp. 432–443, 10.1093/nutrit/nuw010; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5059820/
  56. Szaefer, Hanna, et al. “Modulation of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 Expression by Cabbage Juices and Indoles in Human Breast Cell Lines.” Nutrition and Cancer, vol. 64, no. 6, 1 Aug. 2012, pp. 879–888, 10.1080/01635581.2012.690928; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22716309/
  57. Vivar, Omar I., et al. “Selective Activation of Estrogen Receptor-β Target Genes by 3,3′-Diindolylmethane.” Endocrinology, vol. 151, no. 4, 16 Feb. 2010, pp. 1662–1667, 10.1210/en.2009-1028; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850231/
  58. Kall, Morten A., et al. “Effects of Dietary Broccoli on Human in Vivo Drug Metabolizing Enzymes: Evaluation of Caffeine, Oestrone and Chlorzoxazone Metabolism.” Carcinogenesis, vol. 17, no. 4, 1996, pp. 793–799, 10.1093/carcin/17.4.793; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8625493/
  59. Jellinck, P. H., et al. “Ah Receptor Binding Properties of Indole Carbinols and Induction of Hepatic Estradiol Hydroxylation.” Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 45, no. 5, 9 Mar. 1993, pp. 1129–1136, 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90258-x; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8384853/
  60. Napoli, Nicola, et al. “Increased 2-Hydroxylation of Estrogen Is Associated with Lower Body Fat and Increased Lean Body Mass in Postmenopausal Women.” Maturitas, vol. 72, no. 1, May 2012, pp. 66–71, 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.02.002; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378512212000552
  61. Biswas, T K et al. “Clinical evaluation of spermatogenic activity of processed Shilajit in oligospermia.” Andrologia vol. 42,1 (2010): 48-56. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2009.00956.x https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2009.00956.x
  62. Balunas, Marcy J et al. “Natural products as aromatase inhibitors.” Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry vol. 8,6 (2008): 646-82; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3074486/
  63. Li, Wei et al. “Effects of apigenin on steroidogenesis and steroidogenic acute regulatory gene expression in mouse Leydig cells.” The Journal of nutritional biochemistry vol. 22,3 (2011): 212-8. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.01.004 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2939222/
  64. Chakraborty, Soura, et al. “Revisiting Steroidogenesis and Its Role in Immune Regulation with the Advanced Tools and Technologies.” Genes & Immunity, vol. 22, no. 3, 1 July 2021, pp. 125–140; 10.1038/s41435-021-00139-3; https://www.nature.com/articles/s41435-021-00139-3
  65. Wegmüller, Rita et al. “Zinc absorption by young adults from supplemental zinc citrate is comparable with that from zinc gluconate and higher than from zinc oxide.” The Journal of nutrition vol. 144,2 (2014): 132-6. doi:10.3945/jn.113.181487;
  66. Blancquaert, Laura et al. “Predicting and Testing Bioavailability of Magnesium Supplements.” Nutrients vol. 11,7 1663. 20 Jul. 2019, doi:10.3390/nu11071663 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6683096/
  67. Khatun, Anguara et al. “Comparative effects of inorganic and three forms of organic trace minerals on growth performance, carcass traits, immunity, and profitability of broilers.” Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research vol. 6,1 66-73. 3 Feb. 2019, doi:10.5455/javar.2019.f313; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6702935/
  68. Goff, Jesse P. “Invited review: Mineral absorption mechanisms, mineral interactions that affect acid-base and antioxidant status, and diet considerations to improve mineral status.” Journal of dairy science vol. 101,4 (2018): 2763-2813. doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13112; https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(18)30061-4/fulltext
  69. Naghii MR, et al. “Comparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokines.”; J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2011;25(1):54-58. doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.10.001; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21129941/
  70. Pizzorno, Lara. “Nothing Boring About Boron.” Integrative medicine (Encinitas, Calif.) vol. 14,4 (2015): 35-48; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712861/
  71. Cinar V, Polat Y, Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R. Effects of magnesium supplementation on testosterone levels of athletes and sedentary subjects at rest and after exhaustion. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Apr;140(1):18-23. doi: 10.1007/s12011-010-8676-3; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20352370/
  72. Pilz S, Frisch S, Koertke H, Kuhn J, Dreier J, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Wehr E, Zittermann A. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in men. Horm Metab Res. 2011 Mar;43(3):223-5. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1269854; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21154195/
  73. Bhardwaj, R. et al. Aug. 2002. “Piperine, A Major Constituent of Black Pepper, Inhibits Human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4.” The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics vol. 302, 2. 645-50; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12130727/
  74. Chen, Yue et al. “Androgen regulation of satellite cell function.” The Journal of endocrinology vol. 186,1 (2005): 21-31. doi:10.1677/joe.1.05976 https://joe.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/joe/186/1/1860021.xml
  75. Zhang, Pengpeng et al. “mTOR is necessary for proper satellite cell activity and skeletal muscle regeneration.” Biochemical and biophysical research communications vol. 463,1-2 (2015): 102-8. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.032 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4484853/

Comments and Discussion (Powered by the PricePlow Forum)