Merica Labz Castle Bravo: The Thermonuclear Bomb of Pre-Workouts

PricePlow is a company of patriots, so of course we love ‘Merica Labz for doing everything with an unapologetically American flair.

This means going big, taking things to the limits, and testing the boundaries of supplement convention in the finest tradition of American innovation.

Merica Labz Castle Bravo

Merica Labz’ next epic pre-workout is here: Castle Bravo, with a total of 450 milligrams of heavy and hard-hitting caffeine!

Today we’re going to talk about Castle Bravo, named after the largest thermonuclear bomb ever detonated. Now that’s how you set the tone.

Castle Bravo: The Thermonuclear Bomb of Pre-Workouts

Castle Bravo is designed to help you explode into the gym and incinerate every single set that’s on your lifting schedule.

True to form, ‘Merica Labz went big on the stimulants – here we have an impressive 450 milligrams of caffeine, so be careful with this one! After the release of F-BOMB, many of Merica Labz’ fans probably won’t have an issue with it, but many will need to go with less than a scoop — which would still bring plenty of citrulline since Merica went big there as well (7 grams).

Of course, thermonuclear war isn’t just about brute force – a lot of scientific analysis and intellectual precision goes into it as well. For that we have ingredients like alpha-GPC and huperzine A, which will help get your mind and your body razor sharp to handle the mental challenges of a tough workout.

Let’s get into it, but first sign up for PricePlow’s Merica Labz news alerts and check our coupon-powered deals:

Merica Labz Castle Bravo – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

Get Price Alerts

No spam, no scams.

Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

This area is reserved for Team PricePlow's upcoming videos.

Subscribe to our channel and sign up for notifications so you catch it when it goes live!

Subscribe to PricePlow on YouTube!

Merica Labz Castle Bravo Ingredients

In a single 1 scoop (20.8 gram) serving of Castle Bravo from ‘Merica Labz, you get the following:

  • L-Citrulline – 7000 mg

    Merica’s not just about big energy – they went big with pumps too!

    Merica Labz Castle Bravo Ingredients

    Citrulline is truly an all-star pre-workout ingredient. Aside from caffeine, it’s the most commonly used ingredient in the category – and it’s definitely the most common nitric oxide (NO) booster.[1]

    Citrulline is a conditionally essential amino acid. This means your body can produce some on its own, but not necessarily enough to cover all your metabolic requirements. This is why we almost always see additional benefit from supplemental citrulline.

    Conditional amino acid requirements tend to go up because of exercise – so athletes in particular should consider supplementation, especially if you want some vasodilation to drive more blood, more nutrients, and more gains.

    Citrulline to NO conversion pathway

    Citrulline actually doesn’t get converted directly into NO. First it gets converted into arginine – and then the arginine gets converted into NO. So the full conversion pathway looks like Citrulline → Arginine → NO.

    Most people will look at this and wonder why we don’t just take arginine instead – and the answer is that citrulline’s bioavailability is much higher than arginine’s when taken orally.[2,3]

    Thus, citrulline supplementation is a better strategy than arginine supplementation for increasing arginine blood levels – and hence, NO blood levels.

    Benefits of NO upregulation

    What’s the point of increasing NO levels?

    Upregulated NO causes vasodilation, a process in which the smooth muscle tissue lining the inside of your arteries relaxes.

    Citrulline Arginine Nitric Oxide Reaction

    The Arginine Citrulline Cycle with a breakout showing the arginine-to-nitric oxide reaction. Image courtesy Wikimedia with added biochemistry sources.[4,5]

    This allows your arteries to grow in diameter, and the bigger arterial capacity naturally leads to reductions in blood pressure and heart rate, since you’re using a bigger space for the same volume of blood. It also means that circulation is more efficient, allowing for better delivery of nutrients to cells and faster removal of metabolic waste.[6-8]

    Because of this, increased cardiovascular efficiency usually translates into improved athletic performance. For instance, lactic acid causes muscle fatigue as it builds up, and can be removed more quickly than usual during vasodilation. Thus, vasodilation usually comes with an endurance-boosting effect.

    For the same reasons – improved nutrient delivery and waste removal – recovery after exercise can also be better.

    Merica Labz Castle Bravo

    But don’t take our word for it! Let’s take a look at what the research has to say about the benefits of citrulline supplementation:

    • Increased power output and oxygen uptake[9]
    • Better athletic endurance – 50% more![10]
    • Less muscle soreness post-workout[10]
    • Increased growth hormone (GH) production and secretion[11]
    • Reduced protein breakdown[12]
    • Better muscle gains[13,14]

    Ornithine – antitoxin, antistress

    So citrulline is a great NO booster – and let’s be honest, most of us have heard that before.

    What’s less commonly discussed is that citrulline supplements can also increase your body’s production of ornithine,[15] which is an amino acid that’s involved in ammonia detoxification.[16]

    Ammonia’s another metabolic waste – it causes mental and physical fatigue as it accumulates in various tissues. In other words, increased ornithine production via citrulline supplementation is yet another way that citrulline can boost endurance

    Additionally, the removal of waste is an important factor in recovery.

    Ornithine is great for more than just performance and recovery, though – it can also improve sleep quality, which is obviously important for not only performance and recovery, but also for overall health and wellness.

    'Merica Labz F'n Pump'd Non-Stim Pre-workout

    You shouldn’t need more pump, but if you do, check out ‘Merica Labz new stim-free pre-workout, F’n Pump’d. Merica also has Stars ‘n Pipes.

    A 2014 study found that L-ornithine supplementation significantly improved sleep quality in healthy workers, at least in part because it improved their ratio of DHEA to cortisol.[16]

    The dose

    This 7,000 mg dose is awesome, going above and beyond the traditional 3-6 grams we see. It’s more than twice the clinically-verified 3 gram dose, and pretty near the 10,000 mg mark, which is where gains on additional citrulline supplementation begin to diminish.[17] Since citrulline’s effects are dose-dependent,[18] more is generally better.

    If you are patriotic enough, you can always stack it with F’n Pump’d to get even more. That stack could be reserved for the monster arm days where you’re OK getting so pumped you won’t be able to move much.

  • Beta Alanine – 3,200 mg

    Next we have another pre-workout superstar, beta alanine.

    It’s commonly accepted that beta alanine belongs to a category of supplements named ergogenic aids. The etymology of this word literally means “work creating,” and refers to the ability of these supplements to improve athletic performance by increasing one’s capacity for physical work.

    Like citrulline, beta alanine has been around forever, and will be around for a long time to come. It’s cheap, safe, and effective.

    Beta alanine + histidine = carnosine

    Beta Alanine Benefits

    We’re interested in section (B) here, where beta alanine alone shows great results compared to placebo.[19]

    The reason we like beta alanine is that when combined with the amino acid L-histidine, it forms a dipeptide molecule named carnosine. Carnosine is important because it’s one of the mechanisms your body uses to get rid of lactic acid.[20]

    Recall from the previous section that lactic acid accumulation causes muscular fatigue – so again, getting rid of it faster through carnosine upregulation can improve athletic endurance.

    So why not supplement with carnosine instead?

    Once again, just like arginine (in the case of citrulline), carnosine itself is not very bioavailable when taken orally. Beta alanine, on the other hand, is – and since histidine is really abundant in common foods, your body’s access to beta-alanine is almost always the bottleneck on its production of carnosine.[21,22]

    This means that supplementing with beta alanine is the most reliable way to boost carnosine production.

    Endurance boost: meta-analyses

    Two big meta-analyses on beta alanine supplementation,[19,23] reviewing over 40 different studies found that it’s best at improving exercise performance when exercise is conducted at a specific intensity: namely, an intensity that can be sustained for anywhere between 30 seconds to 10 minutes. There are numerous athletic applications for the ingredient, too.[19-27]

    The dose

    3,200 mg is the standard dose, most commonly used and studied by far. You are good to go with this one.

  • PeakO2 (Cordyceps (Cordyceps militaris), Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum), King Trumpet (Pleurotus eryngii), Shiitake (Lentinula edodes), Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceus), and Turkey Tail (Trametes versicolor)) – 2,000 mg

    PeakO2 is a proprietary blend of adaptogenic mushrooms. These mushrooms have many benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-aging, anti-fatigue, and even sexual performance benefits.[28,29]

    Castle Bravo Blast

    The Castle Bravo Blast. Image courtesy Wikimedia

    That’s all great, but the benefit we’re most interested in for the purposes of Castle Bravo is the one that inspired the name “Peak O2” – increased oxygen utilization. This can translate into improved VO2max, endurance, and power output. Let’s look at the three studies performed specifically on PeakO2:

    1. 2015 study: Peak O2 can improve aerobic performance

      The first study on Peak O2 came from researchers at the University of North Carolina in 2015.[30] In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study – the gold standard of scientific research – subjects got either 1.3 grams of Peak O2 or 1.3 grams of a maltodextrin placebo 3 times per day.

      By the end of the three-week study period, the Peak O2 group had significantly higher peak power, VO2max, and time exhaustion. The placebo group saw no significant changes in any of these parameters.[30]

    2. 2016/2017 study: Peak O2 effects at 2 grams

      In 2016, that same team of researchers returned with more participants and more data, showing that Peak O2 was after three weeks.[31] In this study, they again gave 4 grams per day or placebo.

      After one week of supplementation, there were not statistically significant effects. However, after three weeks, VO2max significantly improved in the PeakO2 users, as well as time to exhaustion.[31]

      However, that was 4 grams per day – more than we have here. Can 2 grams be effective as well?

    3. 2018: Faster effects at greater doses, but effective at 2 grams over time

      Merica Labz Castle Bravo

      The first two studies used 4 grams, however, which is a lot. So in 2018, another team of researchers published a follow-up study testing lower-dosed PeakO2 (2 grams per day, what we have here) over 28 days against a higher dose of 12 grams per day in 7 days. They found that the lower-dose group took a longer amount of time to achieve benefits, but still achieved statistical significance in four weeks regarding:[32]

      • Increased time to fatigue
      • Increased VO2peak
      • Lower blood lactate levels.

      This is the study we’re looking for – a 2 gram dose that doesn’t overwhelm you with mushrooms – and after four weeks, it does have effects.

    Other benefits

    The individual ingredients in this blend have been extensively studied. Here is a partial list of their research-backed benefits:

    • Cordyceps: improves exercise tolerance,[31] boosts immunity[33]
    • Reishi: 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor[34] and anti-estrogen[35]
    • King trumpet: testosterone booster,[36] contains testosterone imitators[37]
    • Shiitake: immune boosting[38]
    • Lion’s mane: antioxidant, anti-lipidemic, neuroprotective, nerve regeneration[39-41]
    • Turkey tail: anti-oncogenic, immune boosting[42,43]
  • L-tyrosine – 2,000 mg

    Pre-workout users typically have two big things in common: they workout hard, and they diet hard. L-Tyrosine can help with both. This amino acid is good for neurotransmitter production, thyroid hormone production, and alertness during sleep deprivation.

    Neurotransmitter production

    Tyrosine is the precursor to dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline.[44-46] These catecholamine neurotransmitters are crucial for focus, motivation, and energy.

    Tyrosine Derivatives

    It’s easy to see why we like tyrosine so much – its derivatives bring the intensity and focus! Image courtesy Wikimedia

    They also control your body’s stress response, which is important for performing well during your workouts.

    Adrenaline and noradrenaline can aid in body recomposition, as they suppress appetite and speed up the rate at which your body burns fat.[47]

    Great for sleep deprivation

    Believe it or not, a lot of tyrosine research comes from militaries, who are interested in its ability to promote wakefulness and alertness. According to a study conducted by the United States military, tyrosine is even better than caffeine at doing this.[48,49]

    Thyroid

    L-Tyrosine

    Long story short from our analysis — For the best effects from tyrosine, choose the regular L-Tyrosine version!

    Although you don’t usually hear the thyroid brought up in the context of pre-workout formula analysis, it’s something that you should consider. After all, the thyroid is really your metabolic master gland. If you want your athletic performance, cognition, and body composition on point, you need proper thyroid function.

    As it turns out, the two big behaviors we named earlier – working out and dieting – can take a toll on thyroid function,[50-52] thanks to their cortisol-raising effect.

    When your thyroid is subjected to stress, it usually causes a drop in the production of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), your thyroid hormones – and tyrosine is the precursor to these hormones.[53,54]

    So if you’re working hard to build muscle and gain fat, supplemental tyrosine might be a good idea.

  • Caffeine Anhydrous – 350 mg (of 450 total)

    Caffeine needs no introduction. Almost everybody reading (and writing) this article uses some type of caffeinated beverage to help them deal with the demands of their busy schedule.

    Patrick Mabe on The PricePlow Podcast

    Patrick Mabe (@mr.patrick.mabe) of Core Nutritionals, Merica Labz, and Merica Energy joins the PricePlow Podcast Episode #073 to discuss his competition in the Tactical Games, fatherhood, and living the Crush It Lifestyle at Core Nutritionals in North Carolina!

    That’s because caffeine inhibits adenosine, a nucleotide that builds up in brain tissue while you’re awake and ordinarily produces fatigue.[55-59]

    Between this and the 200 mg caffeine citrate (50% caffeine by weight) in Castle Bravo, there are 450 milligrams of caffeine per serving. Be careful with this! It’s a lot of caffeine. If you aren’t sure whether you can handle it, ask your doctor!

    Performance booster, especially at these high doses

    Caffeine is considered an ergogenic aid that improves multiple dimensions of athletic performance, including but not limited to endurance, strength, and power output.[51] Research indicates that “performance benefits can be seen with moderate amounts (~3 mg.kg-1 body mass) of caffeine[51] — which we definitely have here.

    But if you’re willing to go higher with Merica Labz, there’s even more research once you’re over the 5mg/kg dose! This is generally 400+ milligrams of caffeine, depending on your weight. And numerous studies have shown increased strength, endurance, and overall performance at higher doses![60-72]

    High Dose Caffeine Performance

    Known since 1991, very high dose caffeine can seriously boost performance.[60] As you can see, it’s quite variable amongst users – future research would show that caffeine’s effects depend on your genotype.

    Interestingly, a study showed that even users who habitually consumed 350 milligrams of caffeine per day still had significant ergogenic benefits when going big at 6 milligrams per kilogram of body weight.[72]

    There’s more to the story though – genetics play a major role as newer studies are differentiating across different genotypes.[68,70]

    If you’re interested in the above few paragraphs, you can read the 2018 review titled “Are the Current Guidelines on Caffeine Use in Sport Optimal for Everyone? Inter-individual Variation in Caffeine Ergogenicity, and a Move Towards Personalised Sports Nutrition”.[73]

    Caffeine and body composition

    Caffeine is also great for body composition: it drives a process called thermogenesis, in which your body burns calories for heat.[55,56]

    It does this by inhibiting an enzyme called phosphodiesterase, which is responsible for breaking down cyclic adenosine monophosphate.[55,56] Since cAMP is a messenger that tells your cells to burn calories, increasing cAMP via phosphodiesterase inhibition is a great way to speed up your metabolism.[50]

    This can help you lose weight faster, but also makes more energy available for workouts, so it’s part of caffeine’s ergogenic effect.

  • Alpha-GPC 50% (L-alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine) – 300 mg

    Alpha-GPC is a particular form of choline, a B vitamin that plays some interesting roles in your body. Among these, it’s needed for the construction and maintenance of the phospholipid bilayer membranes that surround the contents of all your body’s cells.[74]

    It’s also needed for the signaling between cells in which those membranes are involved.[75]

    Choline is also a precursor to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which we often call the learning neurotransmitter because of how important it is for learning and memory.[76] Increasing acetylcholine through choline supplementation can boost cognitive performance above baseline.[52,77]

    Choline is also needed to donate methyl groups for the purpose of methionine metabolism. Without this process, methionine can build up to unacceptably high levels in your blood, which raises the risk of cardiovascular disease.[65

    Alpha-GPC is highly bioavailable and crosses the blood-brain barrier.[78]

  • Pine Bark Extract (Pinus pinaster) (95% Proanthocyanidins) – 250 mg

    Next we have another great NO-boosting ingredient – pine bark extract (PBE), which contributes to vasodilation.

    Merica Labz Castle Bravo Label Side

    Pine bark is full of powerful antioxidant phenols[79,80] that can protect endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), the enzyme that is responsible for generating much of your body’s NO, from being degraded by oxidative stress.

    Pine bark’s effects on cardiovascular function, its antioxidant properties, and anti-inflammatory effects are so palpable that it’s been used for hundreds of years as a folk remedy.[79,80]

    In the modern era, scientific research has found that pine bark extracts can have significant cardioprotective effects.[79,80]

    It can reduce systemic inflammation so significantly that a drop in neurological disease risk from pine bark extract supplementation has been observed.[80]

  • Caffeine citrate (yields 50% caffeine) – 200 mg (yields 100 mg of 450 mg total)

    Caffeine citrate gives you the same benefits as anhydrous. It’s sometimes used in pre-workouts because it seems to act faster than caffeine anhydrous, giving a more immediate boost in mental and physical energy.

    It’s even specifically been used to treat breathing problems in infants.[81] There might be respiratory benefits in adults too, but no research has been done on the subject.

    Anyways, at a minimum, this is giving us another 100 mg caffeine, as it’s 50% caffeine by weight.

    Note that the caffeine citrate brings the total dose of caffeine in Castle Bravo up to 450 milligrams. This is a big dose of caffeine! If you’re not sure whether you can handle this, ask your doctor!

  • ElevATP (Ancient Peat Extract and Apple Extract) (fruit) – 150 mg

    Next up we have ElevATP, a promising ergogenic ingredient that helps your body do more.

    ElevATP supports your body’s ATP production.[82] Taking it can increase your body’s extracellular ATP concentration,[82,83] which can help performance because ATP is your body’s energy currency.

    ElevATP Bioactive Components

    ElevATP doesn’t contain ATP, but instead has many compounds that can support your body’s production of ATP.[82]

    If your body were an engine, ATP would be the gas – we don’t want to run out of gas!

    In one 2016 study, ElevATP supplementation for eight weeks caused significant increases in the study participants’ barbell lifts, as well as vertical jump velocity and power.[84]

    If you look at the original study on elevATP published in 2013, you’ll get a good look at the composition, which we’ve included to the right. It contains many catechins, phenols, and acids that support ATP production.

    So long as the ingredient has remained unchanged over the past decade, the primary constituent is 5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid, also known as neochlorogenic acid, a natural polyphenol that’s an isomer of chlorogenic acid.

  • Theobromine HCl – 100 mg

    Theobromine is a methylxanthine alkaloid. This is the same category that includes caffeine. It has stimulant, bronchodilatory – i.e. airway-opening – and vasodilatory effects.[85]

    Caffeine Metabolites

    Caffeine has three major metabolites, and one of them (paraxanthine) does the heavy lifting. The other two have very long half-lives, which can keep the energy coming! Image courtesy Wikimedia

    Just like caffeine, theobromine inhibits phosphodiesterase, thus increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels[86] and speeding up your metabolism.[87,88]

    Compared to caffeine, though, theobromine is much better at relaxing smooth muscle,[89] which is the mechanism behind vasodilation. Thus, theobromine can actually decrease blood pressure, while caffeine increases it.[90]

    When given in combination with caffeine, theobromine can in fact cancel out caffeine’s blood pressure raising effect.[90] This ability of theobromine to give you the upside of caffeine with significantly less downside makes it a smart ingredient for caffeine-containing pre-workouts, and we’re expecting to see it show up a lot more in the future.

    Theobromine also increases nitric oxide production and signaling.[91]

  • Synephrine HCl – 30 mg

    Synephrine activates the beta-3 adrenergic receptors in your body fat,[92] causing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) upregulation that ultimately speeds up the rate at which your cells burn calories.[93]

    Synephrine vs. Higenamine

    Synephrine is a quick beta agonist compared to some others that are no longer used in supplements.

    Although synephrine’s effects resemble those of stimulants, the beta-3 adrenergic pathway has a comparatively mild effect on heart rate and blood pressure.[92]

    In one 2016 study, subjects who took synephrine burned a lot more fat during their workout than subjects who got a placebo – about 30% more fat, to be more precise.[94]

    A 2015 study found that taking synephrine and caffeine in combination can synergistically increase fat burning.[95]

    So here we have some additional ergogenic and fat burning support that brings some of the thermo to the thermonuclear bomb that is Castle Bravo.

  • Huperzia serrata Extract (leaf and stem) (1% Huperzine A) – 20 mg

    Huperzine A is another supplement that boosts acetylcholine levels. However, unlike alpha-GPC, which boosts acetylcholine by increasing production, huperzine A does it by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme responsible for degrading acetylcholine.[96]

    In other words, it makes the acetylcholine you have last longer, and pairs well with the alpha-GPC in Castle Bravo.

    Huperzine A is a powerful acetylcholine booster – it doesn’t need to be stacked with alpha-GPC,[97] but seeing these two ingredients combined is great because they’ll give synergistic effects.

    Huperzine A is also a potent antioxidant. It’s particularly good for protecting mitochondria in your brain from oxidative stress.[98]

Flavors Available

Merica Labz Castle Bravo Flavors

    Merica Labz Castle Bravo Supplement Facts

    Stacking

    Honestly, you shouldn’t need to stack much with this, caffeine is pretty much topped out and the 7 grams of citrulline should be plenty. But if you were to have a big arm day… going with F’n Pump’d is the only way to go! Unless you go with Stars ‘n Pipes, which is the other way to go.

    Conclusion on Castle Bravo: Aptly Named Supplement

    Castle Bravo is aptly named! You are definitely going to feel this one. This article gave us a chance to go over our high-caffeine research — there are simply too many research trials to ignore that show performance and endurance gains on this level of caffeine. Sometimes, you gotta do what you gotta do.

    And alongside that big dose of caffeine, we also have a decent dose of synephrine to top it off. In fact, the synephrine dose is a little less than we’ve seen from ‘Merica Labz, and Merica’s not afraid to go even higher on caffeine (as shown in F-BOMB’s 473 milligrams of caffeine).

    Some consumers might miss the big stim cocktails of pre workouts past, but for most, we think the new approach will work better – especially if you want clinically-demonstrated performance effects of big caffeine.

    Merica Labz Castle Bravo – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

    Get Price Alerts

    No spam, no scams.

    Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

    Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

    Merica Labz Castle Bravo Label

    About the Author: Mike Roberto

    Mike Roberto

    Mike Roberto is a research scientist and water sports athlete who founded PricePlow. He is an n=1 diet experimenter with extensive experience in supplementation and dietary modification, whose personal expertise stems from several experiments done on himself while sharing lab tests.

    Mike's goal is to bridge the gap between nutritional research scientists and non-academics who seek to better their health in a system that has catastrophically failed the public. Mike is currently experimenting with a low Vitamin A diet.

    No Comments | Posted in | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

    References

    1. Morita, Masahiko, et al; “Oral Supplementation with a Combination of L-Citrulline and L-Arginine Rapidly Increases Plasma L-Arginine Concentration and Enhances NO Bioavailability.”; Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications; U.S. National Library of Medicine; 7 Nov. 2014; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25445598
    2. Ochiai, Masayuki, et al; “Short-Term Effects of L-Citrulline Supplementation on Arterial Stiffness in Middle-Aged Men.”; International Journal of Cardiology; U.S. National Library of Medicine; 8 Mar. 2012; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067832
    3. Agarwal, Umang et al; “Supplemental Citrulline Is More Efficient Than Arginine in Increasing Systemic Arginine Availability in Mice.”; The Journal of nutrition; vol. 147,4; 2017; 596-602; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5368575/
    4. Bryan, Nathan S., and Jack R. Lancaster. “Nitric Oxide Signaling in Health and Disease.” Nitrite and Nitrate in Human Health and Disease, 2017, pp. 165–178, 10.1007/978-3-319-46189-2_13; https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-46189-2_13
    5. Ghellam, Mohamed & Koca, Ilkay. “Nitrate in All Respects: Metabolic Pathways, Sources, and Human Health”; Derleme Review; Volume 3, Issue 2, 120 – 130, May 27, 2019; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333405488_Nitrate_in_All_Respects_Metabolic_Pathways_Sources_and_Human_Health
    6. Orozco-Gutiérrez, Juan José, et al. “Effect of L-Arginine or L-Citrulline Oral Supplementation on Blood Pressure and Right Ventricular Function in Heart Failure Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction.” Cardiology Journal, vol. 17, no. 6, 2010, pp. 612–618; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21154265/ (full-text PDF)
    7. Wong A, Alvarez-Alvarado S, Jaime SJ, Kinsey AW, Spicer MT, Madzima TA, Figueroa A. Combined whole-body vibration training and l-citrulline supplementation improves pressure wave reflection in obese postmenopausal women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Mar;41(3):292-7. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0465; https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/apnm-2015-0465
    8. Alsop P, Hauton D. Oral nitrate and citrulline decrease blood pressure and increase vascular conductance in young adults: a potential therapy for heart failure. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016 Sep;116(9):1651-61. doi: 10.1007/s00421-016-3418-7; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4983290/
    9. Bailey, Stephen J, et al; “l-Citrulline Supplementation Improves O2 Uptake Kinetics and High-Intensity Exercise Performance in Humans.”; Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985); U.S. National Library of Medicine; 15 Aug. 2015; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26023227
    10. Pérez-Guisado, Joaquín, and Philip M Jakeman; “Citrulline Malate Enhances Athletic Anaerobic Performance and Relieves Muscle Soreness.”; Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research; U.S. National Library of Medicine; May 2010; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20386132
    11. Sureda A, Córdova A, Ferrer MD, Pérez G, Tur JA, Pons A. L-citrulline-malate influence over branched chain amino acid utilization during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010 Sep;110(2):341-51. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1509-4; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-010-1509-4
    12. Breuillard C, Cynober L, Moinard C. Citrulline and nitrogen homeostasis: an overview. Amino Acids. 2015 Apr;47(4):685-91. doi: 10.1007/s00726-015-1932-2; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00726-015-1932-2
    13. Jourdan M, Nair KS, Carter RE, Schimke J, Ford GC, Marc J, Aussel C, Cynober L. Citrulline stimulates muscle protein synthesis in the post-absorptive state in healthy people fed a low-protein diet – A pilot study. Clin Nutr. 2015 Jun;34(3):449-56. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.04.019; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4309748/
    14. Bahri S, Zerrouk N, Aussel C, Moinard C, Crenn P, Curis E, Chaumeil JC, Cynober L, Sfar S. Citrulline: from metabolism to therapeutic use. Nutrition. 2013 Mar;29(3):479-84. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.07.002; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0899900712002584?via%3Dihub
    15. Agarwal, Umang, et al. “Supplemental Citrulline Is More Efficient than Arginine in Increasing Systemic Arginine Availability in Mice123.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 147, no. 4, 1 Apr. 2017, pp. 596–602; 10.3945/jn.116.240382; https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/147/4/596/4584706
    16. Miyake, Mika, et al. “Randomised Controlled Trial of the Effects of L-Ornithine on Stress Markers and Sleep Quality in Healthy Workers.” Nutrition Journal, vol. 13, no. 1, 3 June 2014, 10.1186/1475-2891-13-53; https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-13-53
    17. Allerton, Timothy D et al. “l-Citrulline Supplementation: Impact on Cardiometabolic Health.” Nutrients vol. 10,7 921. 19 Jul. 2018, doi:10.3390/nu10070921; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6073798/
    18. Filippi, Jerome et al. “Dose-dependent beneficial effects of citrulline supplementation in short bowel syndrome in rats.” Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) vol. 85 (2021): 111118. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.111118 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0899900720304019?via%3Dihub
    19. Saunders, Bryan, et al. “β-Alanine Supplementation to Improve Exercise Capacity and Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 51, no. 8, 18 Oct. 2016, pp. 658–669; https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/51/8/658.long
    20. Trexler, E.T., Smith-Ryan, A.E., Stout, J.R. et al.; “International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine.”; J Int Soc Sports Nutr 12, 30 (2015); https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y
    21. Harris, R. C., et al. “The Absorption of Orally Supplied β-Alanine and Its Effect on Muscle Carnosine Synthesis in Human Vastus Lateralis.” Amino Acids, vol. 30, no. 3, 24 Mar. 2006, pp. 279–289, 10.1007/s00726-006-0299-9; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16554972/
    22. Dunnett, M., and R. C. Harris. “Influence of Oral ß-Alanine and L-Histidine Supplementation on the Carnosine Content of Thegluteus Medius.” Equine Veterinary Journal, vol. 31, no. S30, July 1999, pp. 499–504, 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05273.x; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10659307/
    23. Hobson, R M, et al; “Effects of β-Alanine Supplementation on Exercise Performance: a Meta-Analysis.”; Amino Acids; Springer Vienna; July 2012; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3374095/
    24. Sale, Craig, et al; “Effect of β-Alanine plus Sodium Bicarbonate on High-Intensity Cycling Capacity.”; Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise; U.S. National Library of Medicine; Oct. 2011; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21407127
    25. Van, R, et al; “Beta-Alanine Improves Sprint Performance in Endurance Cycling.”; Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports; U.S. National Library of Medicine; Apr. 2009; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19276843
    26. Kern, Ben D, and Tracey L Robinson; “Effects of β-Alanine Supplementation on Performance and Body Composition in Collegiate Wrestlers and Football Players.”; Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research; U.S. National Library of Medicine; July 2011; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21659893
    27. Dolan, Eimear, et al. “A Systematic Risk Assessment and Meta-Analysis on the Use of Oral β-Alanine Supplementation.” Advances in Nutrition, vol. 10, no. 3, 13 Apr. 2019, pp. 452–463, 10.1093/advances/nmy115; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6520041/
    28. Das, Shonkor Kumar et al. “Medicinal uses of the mushroom Cordyceps militaris: current state and prospects.” Fitoterapia vol. 81,8 (2010): 961-8. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2010.07.010 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0367326X10001863?via%3Dihub
    29. Wang, Liqin et al. “Antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective activities of residue polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris SU-12.” Carbohydrate polymers vol. 131 (2015): 355-62. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.016; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0144861715005214?via%3Dihub
    30. Hirsch, Katie R et al. “Chronic supplementation of a mushroom blend on oxygen kinetics, peak power, and time to exhaustion.” Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition vol. 12,Suppl 1 P45. 21 Sep. 2015, doi:10.1186/1550-2783-12-S1-P45; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4594151/
    31. Hirsch, Katie R et al. “Cordyceps militaris Improves Tolerance to High-Intensity Exercise After Acute and Chronic Supplementation.” Journal of dietary supplements vol. 14,1 (2017): 42-53. doi:10.1080/19390211.2016.1203386; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5236007/
    32. Wesley David Dudgeon, Dennison David Thomas, William Dauch, Timothy Paul Scheett, and Michael John Webster; “The Effects of High and Low-Dose Cordyceps Militaris-Containing Mushroom Blend Supplementation After Seven and Twenty-Eight Days”; American Journal of Sports Science; 2018; 6(1): 1-7; http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo?journalid=155&doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20180601.11 (full-text PDF)
    33. Das, Gitishree et al. “Cordyceps spp.: A Review on Its Immune-Stimulatory and Other Biological Potentials.” Frontiers in pharmacology vol. 11 602364. 8 Feb. 2021, doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.602364; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7898063/
    34. Fujita, Rumi et al. “Anti-androgenic activities of Ganoderma lucidum.” Journal of ethnopharmacology vol. 102,1 (2005): 107-12. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.041 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874105003673?via%3Dihub
    35. Jiang, Jiahua et al. “Ganoderma lucidum inhibits proliferation of human breast cancer cells by down-regulation of estrogen receptor and NF-kappaB signaling.” International journal of oncology vol. 29,3 (2006): 695-703. https://www.spandidos-publications.com/ijo/29/3/695
    36. Shimizu, Kuniyoshi et al. “Estrogen-like activity and prevention effect of bone loss in calcium deficient ovariectomized rats by the extract of Pleurotus eryngii.” Phytotherapy research : PTR vol. 20,8 (2006): 659-64. doi:10.1002/ptr.1927 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.1927
    37. Yaoita, Yasunori et al. “New sterols from two edible mushrooms, Pleurotus eryngii and Panellus serotinus.” Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin vol. 50,4 (2002): 551-3. doi:10.1248/cpb.50.551; https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb/50/4/50_4_551/_article
    38. Dai, Xiaoshuang et al. “Consuming Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) Mushrooms Daily Improves Human Immunity: A Randomized Dietary Intervention in Healthy Young Adults.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition vol. 34,6 (2015): 478-87. doi:10.1080/07315724.2014.950391; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07315724.2014.950391?journalCode=uacn20
    39. Khan, Md Asaduzzaman et al. “Hericium erinaceus: an edible mushroom with medicinal values.” Journal of complementary & integrative medicine vol. 10, 24 May. 2013, doi:10.1515/jcim-2013-0001; https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jcim-2013-0001/html
    40. Lai, Puei-Lene et al. “Neurotrophic properties of the Lion’s mane medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia.” International journal of medicinal mushrooms vol. 15,6 (2013): 539-54. doi:10.1615/intjmedmushr.v15.i6.30 https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/708ae68d64b17c52,034eeb045436a171,750a15ad12ae25e9.html
    41. Wong, Kah-Hui et al. “Neuroregenerative potential of lion’s mane mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. (higher Basidiomycetes), in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury (review).” International journal of medicinal mushrooms vol. 14,5 (2012): 427-46. doi:10.1615/intjmedmushr.v14.i5.10 https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/708ae68d64b17c52,03ea8c440cfbb276,23c2fd3840f4e0c9.html
    42. Standish, Leanna J et al. “Trametes versicolor mushroom immune therapy in breast cancer.” Journal of the Society for Integrative Oncology vol. 6,3 (2008): 122-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2845472/
    43. Torkelson, Carolyn J et al. “Phase 1 Clinical Trial of Trametes versicolor in Women with Breast Cancer.” ISRN oncology vol. 2012 (2012): 251632. doi:10.5402/2012/251632 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3369477/
    44. Mishra, Akanksha, et al. “Physiological and Functional Basis of Dopamine Receptors and Their Role in Neurogenesis: Possible Implication for Parkinson’s Disease.” Journal of Experimental Neuroscience, vol. 12, Jan. 2018, p. 117906951877982, 10.1177/1179069518779829. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5985548/
    45. Rajeev Dalal, and Dejan Grujic. “Epinephrine.” Nih.gov, StatPearls Publishing, 2 Apr. 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482160/
    46. Smith, Matthew D, and Christopher V Maani. “Norepinephrine.” Nih.gov, StatPearls Publishing, 23 July 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537259/
    47. Ans, Armghan H, et al. “Neurohormonal Regulation of Appetite and Its Relationship with Stress: A Mini Literature Review.” Cureus, 23 July 2018, 10.7759/cureus.3032. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6150743/
    48. Attipoe, Selasi, et al. “Tyrosine for Mitigating Stress and Enhancing Performance in Healthy Adult Humans, a Rapid Evidence Assessment of the Literature.” Military Medicine, vol. 180, no. 7, July 2015, pp. 754–765, 10.7205/milmed-d-14-00594; https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/180/7/754/4160625
    49. Pomeroy, Diane E., et al. “A Systematic Review of the Effect of Dietary Supplements on Cognitive Performance in Healthy Young Adults and Military Personnel.” Nutrients, vol. 12, no. 2, 20 Feb. 2020, p. 545, 10.3390/nu12020545; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071459/
    50. Diepvens, K et al; “Obesity and thermogenesis related to the consumption of caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea;” American Journal of Physiology; 2007; https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00832.2005
    51. Burke LM. Caffeine and sports performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2008 Dec;33(6):1319-34. doi: 10.1139/H08-130. PMID: 19088794. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19088794/
    52. Jones BE; “From waking to sleeping: neuronal and chemical substrates”. Trends Pharmacol. Sci.; 2005; 26 (11): 578–86; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16183137
    53. Mullur, Rashmi et al. “Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism.” Physiological reviews vol. 94,2 (2014): 355-82. doi:10.1152/physrev.00030.2013; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4044302/
    54. Rousset, Bernard. “Chapter 2 Thyroid Hormone Synthesis And Secretion.” Endotext. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2 Sept. 2015; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285550/
    55. Nehlig A, Daval JL, Debry G.; “Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects”; Brain Res Rev. 1992;17(2):139-170; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1356551/
    56. Goldstein, E.R., Ziegenfuss, T., Kalman, D. et al.; “International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance.”; J Int Soc Sports Nutr 7, 5 (2010); https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1550-2783-7-5
    57. Porkka-Heiskanen, Tarja, and Anna V. Kalinchuk. “Adenosine, Energy Metabolism and Sleep Homeostasis.” Sleep Medicine Reviews, vol. 15, no. 2, Apr. 2011, pp. 123–135, 10.1016/j.smrv.2010.06.005; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1087079210000663?via%3Dihub
    58. Boison, Detlev. “Adenosine Kinase: Exploitation for Therapeutic Gain.” Pharmacological Reviews, vol. 65, no. 3, 16 Apr. 2013, pp. 906–943, 10.1124/pr.112.006361; https://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/65/3/906.short
    59. Holtzman SG, Mante S, Minneman KP. Role of adenosine receptors in caffeine tolerance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991 Jan;256(1):62-8. PMID: 1846425. https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/256/1/62.long
    60. Graham, T. E., and L. L. Spriet. “Performance and Metabolic Responses to a High Caffeine Dose during Prolonged Exercise.” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 71, no. 6, Dec. 1991, pp. 2292–2298, doi:10.1152/jappl.1991.71.6.2292; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1778925/
    61. Jacobson, B H, et al. “Effect of Caffeine on Maximal Strength and Power in Elite Male Athletes.” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 26, no. 4, 1 Dec. 1992, pp. 276–280, doi:10.1136/bjsm.26.4.276; https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/26/4/276.info
    62. Cox, Gregory R., et al. “Effect of Different Protocols of Caffeine Intake on Metabolism and Endurance Performance.” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 93, no. 3, Sept. 2002, pp. 990–999, doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00249.2002; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12183495/
    63. Green, J. Matt, et al. “Effects of Caffeine on Repetitions to Failure and Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Resistance Training.” International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, vol. 2, no. 3, Sept. 2007, pp. 250–259, doi:10.1123/ijspp.2.3.250; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19168925/
    64. Astorino, Todd A., et al. “Effect of Caffeine Ingestion on One-Repetition Maximum Muscular Strength.” European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 102, no. 2, 13 Sept. 2007, pp. 127–132, doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0557-x; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17851681/
    65. Woolf, Kathleen, et al. “The Effect of Caffeine as an Ergogenic Aid in Anaerobic Exercise.” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, vol. 18, no. 4, 2008, pp. 412–29, doi:10.1123/ijsnem.18.4.412; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18708685/
    66. Hudson, Geoffrey M, et al. “Effects of Caffeine and Aspirin on Light Resistance Training Performance, Perceived Exertion, and Pain Perception.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol. 22, no. 6, Nov. 2008, pp. 1950–1957, doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31818219cb; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18824931/
    67. Duncan, Michael J, and Samuel W Oxford. “The Effect of Caffeine Ingestion on Mood State and Bench Press Performance to Failure.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol. 25, no. 1, Jan. 2011, pp. 178–185, doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318201bddb; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21157384/
    68. Womack, Christopher J, et al. “The Influence of a CYP1A2 Polymorphism on the Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine.” Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, vol. 9, no. 1, 15 Mar. 2012, jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1550-2783-9-7, doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-7; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3334681/
    69. Duncan, Michael J., et al. “The Acute Effect of a Caffeine-Containing Energy Drink on Mood State, Readiness to Invest Effort, and Resistance Exercise to Failure.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol. 26, no. 10, Oct. 2012, pp. 2858–2865, doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318241e124; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22124354/
    70. Loy, Bryan D., et al. “Caffeine Is Ergogenic for Adenosine A2A Receptor Gene (ADORA2A) T Allele Homozygotes: A Pilot Study.” Journal of Caffeine Research, vol. 5, no. 2, June 2015, pp. 73–81, doi:10.1089/jcr.2014.0035; https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/jcr.2014.0035
    71. Pataky, M. W., et al. “Caffeine and 3-Km Cycling Performance: Effects of Mouth Rinsing, Genotype, and Time of Day.” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol. 26, no. 6, 9 June 2015, pp. 613–619, doi:10.1111/sms.12501; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26062916/
    72. Gonçalves, Lívia de Souza, et al. “Dispelling the Myth That Habitual Caffeine Consumption Influences the Performance Response to Acute Caffeine Supplementation.” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 123, no. 1, 1 July 2017, pp. 213–220, doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00260.2017; https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.00260.2017
    73. Pickering, Craig, and John Kiely. “Are the Current Guidelines on Caffeine Use in Sport Optimal for Everyone? Inter-individual Variation in Caffeine Ergogenicity, and a Move Towards Personalised Sports Nutrition.” Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) vol. 48,1 (2018): 7-16. doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0776-1; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5752738/
    74. Sanders LM, Zeisel SH; “Choline: Dietary Requirements and Role in Brain Development;” Nutrition today; 2007;42(4):181-186; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2518394/
    75. Sanders, Lisa M, and Steven H Zeisel. “Choline: Dietary Requirements and Role in Brain Development.” Nutrition today vol. 42,4 (2007): 181-186. doi:10.1097/01.NT.0000286155.55343.fa; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2518394/
    76. Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al.; “Neuroscience;” 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2001. Acetylcholine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11143/
    77. Hasselmo ME; “The role of acetylcholine in learning and memory;”Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2006;16(6):710–715; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2659740/
    78. Marcus L, et al; “Evaluation of the effects of two doses of alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine on physical and psychomotor performance;” J Int Soc Sports Nutr; 2017;14:39; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5629791/
    79. Iravani, S. et al. June 2011. “Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Effects of Pinus Pinaster Bark Extract.” Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences vol. 6,1; 1-11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3203267/
    80. Li, Y. et al. Apr. 2015. “Pine Bark Extracts: Nutraceutical, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Evaluation.” The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics vol. 353,1; 9–16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25597308/
    81. Miao, Yiqun et al. “Comparative efficacy and safety of caffeine citrate and aminophylline in treating apnea of prematurity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” PloS one vol. 17,9 e0274882. 19 Sep. 2022, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274882; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9484669/
    82. Reyes-Izquierdo, T, et al; “Effect of Dietary Supplement ElevATP on Blood ATP Level: An Acute Pilot Clinical Study”; Journal of Aging Research & Clinical Practice; January 2013; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260944038_Effect_of_the_dietary_supplement_ElevATP_on_blood_ATP_level_An_acute_pilot_clinical_study
    83. Joy, J. et al; “Supplementation with a Proprietary Blend of Ancient Peat and Apple Extract May Improve Body Composition without Affecting Hematology in Resistance-Trained Men;” Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism; (2015); https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283077352_Supplementation_with_a_Proprietary_Blend_of_Ancient_Peat_and_Apple_Extract_May_Improve_Body_Composition_without_Affecting_Hematology_in_Resistance-Trained_Men
    84. Joy JM et al., “Ancient peat and apple extracts supplementation may improve strength and power adaptations in resistance trained men,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine; 2016; https://bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12906-016-1222-x
    85. PubChem. “Theobromine.” Nih.gov, PubChem, 2019, https://www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Theobromine
    86. Yoneda, Mitsugu et al. “Theobromine up-regulates cerebral brain-derived neurotrophic factor and facilitates motor learning in mice.” The Journal of nutritional biochemistry vol. 39 (2017): 110-116. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.10.002 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955-2863(16)30105-X
    87. Valsecchi, Federica et al. “cAMP and mitochondria.” Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) vol. 28,3 (2013): 199-209. doi:10.1152/physiol.00004.2013 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870303/
    88. ‌Aslam, Muhammad, and Yury Ladilov. “Emerging Role of cAMP/AMPK Signaling.” Cells vol. 11,2 308. 17 Jan. 2022, doi:10.3390/cells11020308 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/35053423/
    89. Coleman, William F. “Chocolate: Theobromine and Caffeine.” Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 81, no. 8, Aug. 2004, p. 1232 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed081p1232
    90. Mitchell, E S et al. “Differential contributions of theobromine and caffeine on mood, psychomotor performance and blood pressure.” Physiology & behavior vol. 104,5 (2011): 816-22. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.07.027 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938411003799?via%3Dihub
    91. ‌Barokah, Liberty, et al. “Protective Effect of Theobroma Cacao on Nitric Oxide and Endothelin-1 Level in Endothelial Cells Induced by Plasma from Preeclamptic Patients: In Silico and in Vitro Studies.” European Journal of Integrative Medicine, vol. 8, no. 1, 1 Feb. 2016, pp. 73–78; 10.1016/j.eujim.2015.11.023; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876382015300639
    92. Stohs, Sidney J., et al. “A Review of the Human Clinical Studies Involving Citrus Aurantium (Bitter Orange) Extract and Its Primary Protoalkaloid P-Synephrine.” International Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 9, no. 7, 2012, pp. 527–538, 10.7150/ijms.4446; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3444973/
    93. Schena, Giorgia, and Michael J. Caplan. “Everything You Always Wanted to Know about β3-AR * (* but Were Afraid to Ask).” Cells, vol. 8, no. 4, 16 Apr. 2019, p. 357, 10.3390/cells8040357; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6523418/
    94. Gutiérrez-Hellín, Jorge, and Juan Del Coso. “Acute P-Synephrine Ingestion Increases Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise.” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 82, no. 2, 7 May 2016, pp. 362–368, 10.1111/bcp.12952. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4972152/
    95. Ratamess, Nicholas A., et al. “The Effects of Supplementation with P-Synephrine Alone and in Combination with Caffeine on Resistance Exercise Performance.” Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, vol. 12, no. 1, 17 Sept. 2015, 10.1186/s12970-015-0096-5; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4573476
    96. Tang, X. C., et al. “Effect of Huperzine A, a New Cholinesterase Inhibitor, on the Central Cholinergic System of the Rat.” Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol. 24, no. 2, 1 Oct. 1989, pp. 276–285, 10.1002/jnr.490240220; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2585551/
    97. Damar, U., et al. “Huperzine a as a Neuroprotective and Antiepileptic Drug: A Review of Preclinical Research.” Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, vol. 16, no. 6, 1 June 2016, pp. 671–680, 10.1080/14737175.2016.1175303; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27086593/
    98. [vi] Gao X., Tang X.C. “Huperzine A attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction in beta-amyloid-treated PC12 cells by reducing oxygen free radicals accumulation and improving mitochondrial energy metabolism.”Journal of Neuroscience Research. 2006 May 1;83(6):1048-57; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16493671/

    Comments and Discussion (Powered by the PricePlow Forum)