Universal Animal Omega: The Essential Fatty Acid Powerhouse Pak

Published on February 3, 2022 by Mike Roberto

When it comes to our diets, we are far too often concerned about calories and total fat, while ignoring the importance of the quality of fat we eat. Today, we focus on Universal Nutrition’s Animal Omega, an essential fatty acid supplement pack meant to improve our fatty acid ratios and provide a unique arrangement of fats that aren’t normally ingested in our diets.

Animal Omega

Animal Omega is a powerhouse essential fatty acid pack that includes TEN sources of omegas with an absorption complex, stacking incredibly well with Animal Flex

With ten different sources of omegas, this heart-health focused supplement is built to lower inflammation and improve lipid levels, and includes a few ingredients to improve fatty acid absorption, transport, and oxidation. First, let’s talk about why we’re here.

The overwhelming data on omega-3:omega-6 ratios

As you can imagine, there have been countless studies on the topic. There is strong research showing that humans (and animals) had an omega-3:omega-6 ratio close to 1:1 prior to the industrialization of food,[1-4] and ratios skewed against omega-3 consumption are predictive of mental illness,[5-20] cardiovascular disease,[1,21] insulin resistance and general metabolic dysfunction,[22-25] diabetes,[26-28] and obesity[29,30] — and the evidence is further strengthened with data on childhood obesity.[31] The data is quite clear: low omega-3 intake paired with high omega-6 intake — which is what the Western diet has become[1,32-34] — is extraordinarily deleterious to one’s health.

How do we fix these issues? As always, we encourage a diet-first approach, which consists around the removal of ultra-processed foods and refined sugars/carbohydrates. But in addition, it’s wise to boost the quality fats as well, and that’s what we’re doing with Animal Omega. Stack it with Animal Flex, and you’re on your way to a far lower inflammation year.

Nearly 100 studies are covered in this article, so let’s dig in after checking PricePlow’s coupon-powered prices:

Universal Animal Omega – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

Get Price Alerts

No spam, no scams.

Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

Animal Omega Ingredients

In a pack of Animal Omega, you get seven softgels and one capsule containing the following blends:

  • Omega-3 Fatty Acid (n-3 FA) Complex – 4000 mg

    Animal Omega Ingredients

    Omegas done big — the absorption complex is sorely missing from other omega / fish oil supplements!

    This complex contains four grams of total fish oil – far more than what most consumers are taking or getting from diet. First, let’s cover the benefits of omega-3 and fish oil consumption in general, and then detail a bit more about each specific one.

    In the intro, we cover the numerous concerns with regards to poor omega-3 status. Let’s work to fix that below, which have been shown to yield the following benefits:

    Benefits of Omega-3 Supplementation

    If we’ve become deficient in omega-3 — largely due to lack of fatty fish eating in lieu of processed foods — then one step is to supplement more. In general, researchers have seen the following benefits from omega-3 (and fish oil) supplementation:

    • Improved lipid levels: reduced triglycerides and increased HDL

      There are literally dozens of studies demonstrating the well-known effect that fish oil has on triglycerides. We won’t cite them all, but will reference many of the meta-analyses and reviews that continually verify this effect.[35-39]

      In addition, there are two meta-analyses showing a slight improvement to HDL levels with fish oil.[37,39]

      Together, these two mark an overall improvement in metabolic function, since the triglyceride:HDL ratio is a great proxy for insulin sensitivity[40,41] and the pair is a far better predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality than LDL cholesterol![42-45]

    • Mood improvements

      Animal Omega Certifications

      Similarly, we have dozens of studies confirming omega-3 fish oil’s effects in combating mood disorders, with multiple systematic reviews statistically verifying them.[46-50]

    • Reduced anxiety

      Interestingly, fish oil’s benefits go beyond mood, but it also seems to reliably lower anxiety levels.[51-55]

    • Focus in children

      Not that children are likely to take a massive Animal Omega pack, but there is plenty of research showing omega-3 supplementation improving focus in “focus-deficient” children,[56] and this is likely to translate to adults as well.

    • Blood Pressure Reduction

      Fish oil has a small yet significant effect on blood pressure in hypertensive individuals.[57] While reducing sugars and overall processed carbohydrate intake is likely to drive a greater impact on this measure (along with the other concerns in this list), omega-3 seems to reliably help a little bit as well.

    • Reduction in Overall Inflammation

      Fish oil has been shown to reduce numerous inflammatory markers in multiple types of individuals.[58-63] It’s worth noting that many of the successful studies used decently large doses — comparable to what’s provided in Animal Omega.

      Paired with Animal Flex (which adds a few other unique fatty acids that aren’t in Animal Omega), you have an incredible inflammation-reduction stack.

    The above list are the most well-demonstrated effects, but there are clearly more. For instance, a meta-analysis shows a slight reduction of cognitive decline,[64] but not to the extent of some of the stronger effects listed above.

    Animal Omega Features

    The major point is that there’s an extremely solid argument to make for fish oil consumption if you have anything remotely resembling a Western diet. With that said, we still encourage the reduction of ultra-processed foods and refined sugars.

    Now let’s briefly look at each oil specifically:

    • Flaxseed Oil

      Flaxseed contains a high amount of alpha-linoleic acid (ALA),[65] the omega-3 fatty acid that’s often forgotten compared to the DHA and EPA in the fish oils below. A review published in 2020 states that it is protective against cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, insulin resistance, and inflammation, and is promising in assisting with metabolic health.[66]

    • Salmon Oil

      Salmon is a top source of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, even with salmon oil as a key ingredient in Animal Omega, we still encourage eating salmon for its other beneficial components like selenium.[67]

    • Cod Liver Oil

      Animal Omega

      A 2008 paper published in Medscape titled “Mother Was Right About Cod Liver Oil” provides incredible evidence for the power of this incredible oil,[68] which contains great amounts of vitamins A and D on top of its omega-3 fatty acids.[69]

    • Herring Oil

      Atop its status as an omega-3 powerhouse, herring oil possesses a unique ability to inhibit bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and can prevent biofilm formation and virulence.[70] This makes it an interesting “anti-infective” agent.

    • Anchovy Oil

      Coming from everyone’s favorite pizza topping, anchovy oil has powerful antioxidant properties[71] that have been shown to improve menstrual cramping and discomfort.[72] Even better, it was shown to reduce abdominal pain and the women using it required fewer doses of over-the-counter painkillers.[72]

    • Mackerel Oil

      Mackerel is a cold-water fatty fish whose oil has been shown to slow the progression of coronary atherosclerosis (primarily by reducing blood clotting factors) in animal models.[73] An interesting study showed that its fermentation (which we don’t have here) promotes hair growth![74]

    • Sardine Oil

      Sardine oil is a quality source of EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid),[75] one of the three primary healthy omega-3 fatty acids alongside DHA and ALA.

    Animal Omega Pak

  • Omega-6 Fatty Acid Complex

    While we’re biggest on pushing our ratios towards omega-3 fatty acids, there are some omega-6 fatty acid containing oils that have some incredible health-boosting properties, and we don’t get much of them in our diet, making a good reason for supplementation:

    • Borage Seed Oil

      Both borage seed oil and evening primrose oil (which is also below) are large sources of gamma-linolenic acid, and numerous studies have shown that it has anti-inflammatory action that protects skin against conditions like eczema and dermatitis – both topically and orally.[76-80] It has a protective effect on DNA,[81] leading to various beneficial effects including some that combat arthritis and inflammation.[82]

    • Safflower Seed Oil

      Animal Flex PricePlow

      Meet “The Animal Pak of Joint Supplements”: Animal Flex! And if this many pills isn’t your style, take a look at the collagen-boosted Animal Flex Powder.

      High-dosed safflower oil has been shown to reduce waist circumference, blood pressure, and fasting blood sugar.[83] Long used in traditional Iranian medicine, most of the wide-ranging beneficial therapeutic effects are attributed to a constituent named hydroxysafflor yellow A.[84] There’s some interesting evidence in animal models showing that it restored testosterone and fertility in impaired animal models.[85]

    • Evening Primrose Oil

      Often paired with borage oil,[77,80,86] evening primrose oil also has high concentrations of GLA and is protective for the skin, but has benefits going beyond that. For instance, it’s often used to improve the quality of life in menopausal women[87] and is a highly-effective treatment for premenstrual syndrome (PMS).[88]

    • Sesame Seed Extract (Sesamin)

      Sesamin is the most prominent lignan in sesame seeds, and by stimulating PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), is very beneficial in boosting fatty acid oxidation, curbing appetite, and reducing cravings.[89,90]

  • Omega Absorption Complex

    The one capsule in Animal Omega, this complex includes some ingredients that improve fatty acid metabolism – yet we rarely see in fish oil supplements!

    • Lecithin

      Universal Animal Pak

      The product that started it all!

      Various forms of lecithin are popular emulsifiers, but even better, they promote better absorption and digestion of fat-soluble ingredients.[91] Since that’s basically the entirety of Animal Omega, it’s a perfect fit.

    • L-Carnitine

      Most sport supplement users are very familiar with L-carnitine, the amino acid in numerous fat burners that improves fatty acid transport to the mitochondria.[92] This also makes a perfect fit for Animal Omega, and if you want a large therapeutic dose for your entire day’s diet, look at Animal Cuts Powder.

    • Lipase Enzyme

      Lipase is the digestive enzyme that assists in the breakdown of fatty acids.[93] With a supplement full of fatty acids, its inclusion is a no-brainer, and those who have trouble digesting fats should look further into digestive enzymes such as this one.

      This is the beauty of having packs — perhaps these ingredients would be too difficult or space-inefficient to get into a fish oil softgel, but they’re definitely worth having in a “pak”!

Dosage and Instructions

Take a pack of Animal Omega once daily – larger users can consider two packs. Timing doesn’t matter, but they’re likely best taken with a meal.

If you’re susceptible to “fish oil burps”, consider freezing them and taking them just before bed.

Animal Omega: A full spectrum of essential fatty acids

Animal Omega Benefits

The research is pretty clear: our omega-3 fatty acid intake is too low, and our omega-6 fatty acid intake is too reliant on processed oils that provide no nutritional value. Animal Omega is a great first step in restoring the balance — but it still requires work in removing ultra-processed foods from diet.

The “pack” method makes an incredible difference here, allowing Animal to include an additional capsule for the absorption ingredients. We’re surprised that we don’t see more essential fatty acid supplements including lipase, especially.

Animal Logo

Are you an animal?

A great anti-inflammatory supplement to stack alongside is Animal Flex, while dieters will definitely enjoy Animal Cuts or Animal Cuts Powder — we prefer the latter due to the amount of L-carnitine that’ll be included to assist with fatty acid transport. On that note, stay tuned to PricePlow and our Universal Nutrition news — a new Animal Cuts Powder flavor has arrived, and we’ll be covering that next!

Universal Animal Omega – Deals and Price Drop Alerts

Get Price Alerts

No spam, no scams.

Disclosure: PricePlow relies on pricing from stores with which we have a business relationship. We work hard to keep pricing current, but you may find a better offer.

Posts are sponsored in part by the retailers and/or brands listed on this page.

About the Author: Mike Roberto

Mike Roberto

Mike Roberto is a research scientist and water sports athlete who founded PricePlow. He is an n=1 diet experimenter with extensive experience in supplementation and dietary modification, whose personal expertise stems from several experiments done on himself while sharing lab tests.

Mike's goal is to bridge the gap between nutritional research scientists and non-academics who seek to better their health in a system that has catastrophically failed the public.

Posted in | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

References

  1. Simopoulos, Artemis P. “The Importance of the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio in Cardiovascular Disease and Other Chronic Diseases.” Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.), vol. 233, no. 6, 2008, pp. 674–88, 10.3181/0711-MR-311; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18408140/
  2. Eaton, S.B., et al. “Dietary Intake of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids during the Paleolithic.” World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, 1998, pp. 12–23, 10.1159/000059672; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9648501/
  3. Crawford, M.A. “Fatty-Acid Ratios in Free-Living and Domestic Animals.” The Lancet, vol. 291, no. 7556, June 1968, pp. 1329–1333, 10.1016/s0140-6736(68)92034-5; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673668920345
  4. Crawford, M A, et al. “Linoleic Acid and Linolenic Acid Elongation Products in Muscle Tissue of Syncerus Caffer and Other Ruminant Species.” Biochemical Journal, vol. 115, no. 1, 1 Oct. 1969, pp. 25–27, 10.1042/bj1150025; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC1185064/
  5. da Rocha, Camilla M.M., and Gilberto Kac. “High Dietary Ratio of Omega-6 to Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Acids during Pregnancy and Prevalence of Post-Partum Depression.” Maternal & Child Nutrition, vol. 8, no. 1, 21 June 2010, pp. 36–48, 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2010.00256.x; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC6860680/
  6. Grosso, Giuseppe, et al. “Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Depression: Scientific Evidence and Biological Mechanisms.” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2014, 2014, pp. 1–16, 10.1155/2014/313570; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3976923/
  7. Adams, Peter B., et al. “Arachidonic Acid to Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ratio in Blood Correlates Positively with Clinical Symptoms of Depression.” Lipids, vol. 31, no. 1, Mar. 1996, pp. S157–S161, 10.1007/bf02637069; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8729112/
  8. Maes, M., et al. “Fatty Acid Composition in Major Depression: Decreased Omega 3 Fractions in Cholesteryl Esters and Increased C20: 4 Omega 6/C20:5 Omega 3 Ratio in Cholesteryl Esters and Phospholipids.” Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 38, no. 1, 26 Apr. 1996, pp. 35–46, 10.1016/0165-0327(95)00092-5; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8735157/
  9. Tiemeier, Henning, et al. “Plasma Fatty Acid Composition and Depression Are Associated in the Elderly: The Rotterdam Study.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 78, no. 1, 1 July 2003, pp. 40–46, 10.1093/ajcn/78.1.40; https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/78/1/40/4689895
  10. Kiecolt-Glaser, Janice K., et al. “Depressive Symptoms, Omega-6:Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Inflammation in Older Adults.” Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 69, no. 3, Apr. 2007, pp. 217–224, 10.1097/psy.0b013e3180313a45; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC2856352/
  11. Rizzo, Angela Maria, et al. “Comparison between the AA/EPA Ratio in Depressed and Non Depressed Elderly Females: Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Correlates with Improved Symptoms but Does Not Change Immunological Parameters.” Nutrition Journal, vol. 11, 10 Oct. 2012, p. 82, 10.1186/1475-2891-11-82; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3499393/
  12. Rees, Anne-Marie, et al. “Omega-3 Deficiency Associated with Perinatal Depression: Case Control Study.” Psychiatry Research, vol. 166, no. 2-3, Apr. 2009, pp. 254–259, 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.12.011; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19268372/
  13. Schins, A., et al. “Altered Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status in Depressed Post-Myocardial Infarction Patients.” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 115, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2007, pp. 35–40, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00830.x; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17201864/
  14. Frasure-Smith, Nancy, et al. “Major Depression Is Associated with Lower Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels in Patients with Recent Acute Coronary Syndromes.” Biological Psychiatry, vol. 55, no. 9, May 2004, pp. 891–896, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.01.021; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15110732/
  15. Parker, Gordon B., et al. “Low Levels of Docosahexaenoic Acid Identified in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients with Depression.” Psychiatry Research, vol. 141, no. 3, Mar. 2006, pp. 279–286, 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.08.005; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16499974/
  16. Sublette, M. Elizabeth, et al. “Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Essential Fatty Acid Status as a Predictor of Future Suicide Risk.” The American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 163, no. 6, 1 June 2006, pp. 1100–1102, 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1100; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16741213/
  17. Riemer, Sabine, et al. “Lowered ω-3 PUFAs Are Related to Major Depression, but Not to Somatization Syndrome.” Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 123, no. 1-3, June 2010, pp. 173–180, 10.1016/j.jad.2009.08.004; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19720401/
  18. Mamalakis, G., et al. “Depression and Adipose Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.” Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, vol. 67, no. 5, Nov. 2002, pp. 311–318, 10.1054/plef.2002.0435; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12445491/
  19. Mamalakis, G, et al. “Depression and Long Chain N-3 Fatty Acids in Adipose Tissue in Adults from Crete.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 60, no. 7, 8 Feb. 2006, pp. 882–888, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602394; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16465199/
  20. Mamalakis, G., et al. “Depression and Adipose and Serum Cholesteryl Ester Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Survivors of the Seven Countries Study Population of Crete.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 60, no. 8, 1 Aug. 2006, pp. 1016–1023, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16482070/, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602413; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16482070/
  21. Kromhout, Daan, and Janette de Goede. “Update on Cardiometabolic Health Effects of ω-3 Fatty Acids.” Current Opinion in Lipidology, vol. 25, no. 1, Feb. 2014, pp. 85–90, 10.1097/mol.0000000000000041; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24345990/
  22. Tsitouras, P., et al. “High Omega-3 Fat Intake Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Reduces CRP and IL6, but Does Not Affect Other Endocrine Axes in Healthy Older Adults.” Hormone and Metabolic Research, vol. 40, no. 3, Mar. 2008, pp. 199–205, 10.1055/s-2008-1046759; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18348080/
  23. Maki, Kevin C., et al. “Prescription Omega-3-Acid Ethyl Esters Reduce Fasting and Postprandial Triglycerides and Modestly Reduce Pancreatic β-Cell Response in Subjects with Primary Hypertriglyceridemia.” Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, vol. 85, no. 3-4, Sept. 2011, pp. 143–148, 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.06.005; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21775113/
  24. Simopoulos, Artemis. “Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Deficiency and High Fructose Intake in the Development of Metabolic Syndrome, Brain Metabolic Abnormalities, and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.” Nutrients, vol. 5, no. 8, 26 July 2013, pp. 2901–2923, 10.3390/nu5082901; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3775234/
  25. Fedor, Dawn, and Darshan S. Kelley. “Prevention of Insulin Resistance by N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.” Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, vol. 12, no. 2, 1 Mar. 2009, pp. 138–146, 10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283218299; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19202385/
  26. Huang, Tao, et al. “Plasma Phospholipids N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome.” Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, vol. 54, no. 11, 1 Nov. 2010, pp. 1628–1635, 10.1002/mnfr.201000025; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20540149/
  27. Lauretani, F., et al. “Omega-3 and Renal Function in Older Adults.” Current Pharmaceutical Design, vol. 15, no. 36, 2009, pp. 4149–4156, 10.2174/138161209789909719; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20041816/
  28. Huang, Tao, et al. “Increased Plasma N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Is Associated with Improved Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes in China.” Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, vol. 54 Suppl 1, 1 May 2010, pp. S112-119, 10.1002/mnfr.200900189; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19998382/
  29. Ramel, A., et al. “Beneficial Effects of Long-Chain N-3 Fatty Acids Included in an Energy-Restricted Diet on Insulin Resistance in Overweight and Obese European Young Adults.” Diabetologia, vol. 51, no. 7, 20 May 2008, pp. 1261–1268, 10.1007/s00125-008-1035-7; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18491071/
  30. Simopoulos, Artemis. “An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity.” Nutrients, vol. 8, no. 3, 2 Mar. 2016, p. 128, 10.3390/nu8030128; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC4808858/
  31. Donahue, Sara MA, et al. “Prenatal Fatty Acid Status and Child Adiposity at Age 3 Y: Results from a US Pregnancy Cohort.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 93, no. 4, 10 Feb. 2011, pp. 780–788, 10.3945/ajcn.110.005801; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3057547/
  32. Simopoulos, Artemis P. “New Products from the Agri-Food Industry: The Return of N-3 Fatty Acids into the Food Supply.” Lipids, vol. 34, no. S1, Jan. 1999, pp. S297–S301, 10.1007/bf02562324; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10419184/
  33. Simopoulos, A P. “Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Health and Disease and in Growth and Development.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 54, no. 3, 1 Sept. 1991, pp. 438–463, 10.1093/ajcn/54.3.438; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1908631/
  34. Sanders, Thomas AB. “Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Food Chain in Europe.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 71, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2000, pp. 176s178s, 10.1093/ajcn/71.1.176s; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10617968/
  35. Wei, Melissa Y., and Terry A. Jacobson. “Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid versus Docosahexaenoic Acid on Serum Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Current Atherosclerosis Reports, vol. 13, no. 6, 6 Oct. 2011, pp. 474–483, 10.1007/s11883-011-0210-3; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21975919/
  36. Montori, V. M., et al. “Fish Oil Supplementation in Type 2 Diabetes: A Quantitative Systematic Review.” Diabetes Care, vol. 23, no. 9, 1 Sept. 2000, pp. 1407–1415, 10.2337/diacare.23.9.1407; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10977042/
  37. Eslick, Guy D., et al. “Benefits of Fish Oil Supplementation in Hyperlipidemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” International Journal of Cardiology, vol. 136, no. 1, 24 July 2009, pp. 4–16, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.03.092; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18774613/
  38. Oliveira, Julicristie M., and Patrícia H. C. Rondó. “Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-Infected Subjects on Antiretroviral Therapy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” HIV Clinical Trials, vol. 12, no. 5, 1 Sept. 2011, pp. 268–274, 10.1310/hct1205-268; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22180524/
  39. Bernstein, Adam M., et al. “A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 142, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2012, pp. 99–104, 10.3945/jn.111.148973; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22113870/
  40. Bertsch, Ruth Ann, and Maqdooda A Merchant. “Study of the Use of Lipid Panels as a Marker of Insulin Resistance to Determine Cardiovascular Risk.” The Permanente journal vol. 19,4 (2015): 4-10. doi:10.7812/TPP/14-237; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC4625988/
  41. Castelli, William P. “Epidemiology of Triglycerides: A View from Framingham.” American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 70, no. 19, 14 Dec. 1992, pp. H3–H9, 10.1016/0002-9149(92)91083-G; https://www.ajconline.org/article/0002-9149(92)91083-G/fulltext
  42. Bartlett, Jacquelaine, et al. “Is Isolated Low High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol a Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor?” Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, vol. 9, no. 3, May 2016, pp. 206–212, 10.1161/circoutcomes.115.002436; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4871717/
  43. Wang, T. D., et al. “Efficacy of Cholesterol Levels and Ratios in Predicting Future Coronary Heart Disease in a Chinese Population.” The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 88, no. 7, 1 Oct. 2001, pp. 737–743, 10.1016/s0002-9149(01)01843-4; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11589839
  44. Jeppesen, Jørgen, et al. “Low Triglycerides–High High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease.” Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 161, no. 3, 12 Feb. 2001, p. 361, 10.1001/archinte.161.3.361; https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/647239
  45. Castelli, William P. “Epidemiology of Triglycerides: A View from Framingham.” American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 70, no. 19, 14 Dec. 1992, pp. H3–H9, 10.1016/0002-9149(92)91083-G; https://www.ajconline.org/article/0002-9149(92)91083-G/abstract
  46. Sarris, Jerome, et al. “Omega-3 for Bipolar Disorder.” The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 73, no. 01, 9 Aug. 2011, pp. 81–86, 10.4088/jcp.10r06710; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21903025/
  47. Sublette, M. Elizabeth, et al. “Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) in Clinical Trials in Depression.” The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 72, no. 12, 1 Dec. 2011, pp. 1577–1584, 10.4088/JCP.10m06634; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21939614/
  48. Martins, Julian G. “EPA but Not DHA Appears to Be Responsible for the Efficacy of Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Depression: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol. 28, no. 5, Oct. 2009, pp. 525–542, 10.1080/07315724.2009.10719785; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20439549/
  49. Nahas, Richard, and Osmaan Sheikh. “Complementary and Alternative Medicine for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder.” Canadian Family Physician Medecin de Famille Canadien, vol. 57, no. 6, 1 June 2011, pp. 659–663; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21673208/
  50. Appleton, Katherine M, et al. “Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Depression in Adults.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4 Nov. 2015, 10.1002/14651858.cd004692.pub4; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26537796/
  51. Kiecolt-Glaser, Janice K., et al. “Omega-3 Supplementation Lowers Inflammation and Anxiety in Medical Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, vol. 25, no. 8, Nov. 2011, pp. 1725–1734, 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.229; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3191260/
  52. Fontani, G., et al. “Cognitive and Physiological Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Healthy Subjects.” European Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 35, no. 11, Nov. 2005, pp. 691–699, 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01570.x; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16269019/
  53. Jahangard, Leila, et al. “Influence of Adjuvant Omega-3-Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Depression, Sleep, and Emotion Regulation among Outpatients with Major Depressive Disorders – Results from a Double-Blind, Randomized and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.” Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol. 107, Dec. 2018, pp. 48–56, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.09.016; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30317101/
  54. Sohrabi, Nahid, et al. “Evaluation of the Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome: ‘a Pilot Trial.'” Complementary Therapies in Medicine, vol. 21, no. 3, June 2013, pp. 141–146, 10.1016/j.ctim.2012.12.008; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23642943/
  55. Watanabe, Norio, et al. “Omega-3 Fatty Acids for a Better Mental State in Working Populations – Happy Nurse Project: A 52-Week Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol. 102, July 2018, pp. 72–80, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.03.015; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29627596/
  56. Bloch, Michael H., and Ahmad Qawasmi. “Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for the Treatment of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptomatology: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 50, no. 10, Oct. 2011, pp. 991–1000, 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.008; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3625948/
  57. Campbell, Fiona, et al. “A Systematic Review of Fish-Oil Supplements for the Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension.” European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, vol. 20, no. 1, 1 Feb. 2013, pp. 107–120, 10.1177/2047487312437056; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22345681/
  58. Dangardt, Frida, et al. “Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Improves Vascular Function and Reduces Inflammation in Obese Adolescents.” Atherosclerosis, vol. 212, no. 2, Oct. 2010, pp. 580–585, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.06.046; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20727522/
  59. Kabir, Morvarid, et al. “Treatment for 2 Mo with N 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Reduces Adiposity and Some Atherogenic Factors but Does Not Improve Insulin Sensitivity in Women with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Study.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 86, no. 6, 1 Dec. 2007, pp. 1670–1679, 10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1670; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18065585/
  60. k, Kiecolt-Glaser, et al. “Omega-3 Supplementation Lowers Inflammation and Anxiety in Medical Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 1 Nov. 2011; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21784145/
  61. Kelley, D. S., et al. “Docosahexaenoic Acid Ingestion Inhibits Natural Killer Cell Activity and Production of Inflammatory Mediators in Young Healthy Men.” Lipids, vol. 34, no. 4, 1 Apr. 1999, pp. 317–324, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10443964/, 10.1007/s11745-999-0369-5; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10443964/
  62. Ciubotaru, Irina, et al. “Dietary Fish Oil Decreases C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin-6, and Triacylglycerol to HDL-Cholesterol Ratio in Postmenopausal Women on HRT.” The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, vol. 14, no. 9, Sept. 2003, pp. 513–521, 10.1016/s0955-2863(03)00101-3; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14505813/
  63. Rizza, Stefano, et al. “Fish Oil Supplementation Improves Endothelial Function in Normoglycemic Offspring of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.” Atherosclerosis, vol. 206, no. 2, 1 Oct. 2009, pp. 569–574, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.03.006; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC2772138/
  64. Marti del Moral, Amelia, and Francesca Fortique. “Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review.” Nutrición Hospitalaria, 2019, 10.20960/nh.02496; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31215788/
  65. Goyal, Ankit, et al. “Flax and Flaxseed Oil: An Ancient Medicine & Modern Functional Food.” Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 51, no. 9, 10 Jan. 2014, pp. 1633–1653, 10.1007/s13197-013-1247-9; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC4152533/
  66. Shayan, Mersedeh, et al. “Flaxseed for Health and Disease: Review of Clinical Trials.” Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening, vol. 23, no. 8, 2020, pp. 699–722, 10.2174/1386207323666200521121708; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32436825/
  67. Stonehouse, Welma, et al. “Consumption of Salmonv.salmon Oil Capsules: Effects Onn-3 PUFA and Selenium Status.” British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 106, no. 8, 18 May 2011, pp. 1231–1239, 10.1017/s000711451100153x; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21736825/
  68. Griffing, George T. “Mother Was Right about Cod Liver Oil.” Medscape Journal of Medicine, vol. 10, no. 1, 2008, p. 8; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC2258476/
  69. Ross, Celia M. “Fish Oil versus Cod Liver Oil: Is Vitamin D a Reason to Go back to the Future.” The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, vol. 18, no. 5, 1 Sept. 2005, pp. 445–446, 10.3122/jabfm.18.5.445-b; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16148259
  70. Kim, Yong-Guy, et al. “Herring Oil and Omega Fatty Acids Inhibit Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilm Formation and Virulence.” Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 9, 2018, 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01241; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC6014104/
  71. Xia, Qiuyu, et al. “Investigating the Mechanism for the Enhanced Oxidation Stability of Microencapsulated Omega-3 Concentrates.” Marine Drugs, vol. 17, no. 3, 28 Feb. 2019, p. 143, 10.3390/md17030143; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC6471227/
  72. Moghadamnia, A. A., et al. “Effect of Clupeonella Grimmi (Anchovy/Kilka) Fish Oil on Dysmenorrhoea.” Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue de Sante de La Mediterranee Orientale = Al-Majallah Al-Sihhiyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassit, vol. 16, no. 4, 1 Apr. 2010, pp. 408–413; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20795425/
  73. Sassen, L. M. A., et al. “Mackerel Oil and Atherosclerosis in Pigs.” European Heart Journal, vol. 10, no. 9, Sept. 1989, pp. 838–846, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059579; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2806283/
  74. Kang, Jung-Il, et al. “Mackerel-Derived Fermented Fish Oil Promotes Hair Growth by Anagen-Stimulating Pathways.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 19, no. 9, 14 Sept. 2018, p. 2770, 10.3390/ijms19092770; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC6164340/
  75. Solaesa, Ángela García, et al. “Characterization of Triacylglycerol Composition of Fish Oils by Using Chromatographic Techniques.” Journal of Oleo Science, vol. 63, no. 5, 2014, pp. 449–460, 10.5650/jos.ess13202; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24770476/
  76. De Spirt, Silke, et al. “Intervention with Flaxseed and Borage Oil Supplements Modulates Skin Condition in Women.” British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 101, no. 3, 2 Sept. 2008, pp. 440–445, 10.1017/s0007114508020321; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18761778/
  77. Chung, S., et al. “Gamma-Linolenic Acid in Borage Oil Reverses Epidermal Hyperproliferation in Guinea Pigs.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 132, no. 10, 1 Oct. 2002, pp. 3090–3097, 10.1093/jn/131.10.3090; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12368400/
  78. Lin, Tzu-Kai, et al. “Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Barrier Repair Effects of Topical Application of Some Plant Oils.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 19, no. 1, 27 Dec. 2017, p. 70, 10.3390/ijms19010070; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC5796020/
  79. Tollesson, A., and A. Frithz. “Borage Oil, an Effective New Treatment for Infantile Seborrhoeic Dermatitis.” British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 129, no. 1, July 1993, pp. 95–95, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb03322.x; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8396411/
  80. Bamford, Joel TM, et al. “Oral Evening Primrose Oil and Borage Oil for Eczema.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 30 Apr. 2013, 10.1002/14651858.cd004416.pub2; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8105655/
  81. Tasset-Cuevas, Inmaculada, et al. “Protective Effect of Borage Seed Oil and Gamma Linolenic Acid on DNA: In Vivo and in Vitro Studies.” PLoS ONE, edited by David L. McCormick, vol. 8, no. 2, Feb. 2013, p. E56986; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3584109/
  82. Kast, Richard E. “Borage Oil Reduction of Rheumatoid Arthritis Activity May Be Mediated by Increased CAMP That Suppresses Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha.” International Immunopharmacology, vol. 1, no. 12, Nov. 2001, pp. 2197–2199, 10.1016/s1567-5769(01)00146-1; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11710548/
  83. Ruyvaran, Maede, et al. “Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) Oil Could Improve Abdominal Obesity, Blood Pressure, and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 282, 10 Jan. 2022, p. 114590, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34487844/, 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114590; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34487844/
  84. Delshad, Elahe, et al. “Medical Uses of Carthamus Tinctorius L. (Safflower): A Comprehensive Review from Traditional Medicine to Modern Medicine.” Electronic Physician, vol. 10, no. 4, 25 Apr. 2018, pp. 6672–6681, 10.19082/6672; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC5984022/
  85. Nasiri, Khadijeh, et al. “Safflower Seed Oil Improves Steroidogenesis and Spermatogenesis in Rats with Type II Diabetes Mellitus by Modulating the Genes Expression Involved in Steroidogenesis, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 275, 15 July 2021, p. 114139, 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114139; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33894286/
  86. Barre, D. Edward. “Potential of Evening Primrose, Borage, Black Currant, and Fungal Oils in Human Health.” Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, vol. 45, no. 2, 2001, pp. 47–57, 10.1159/000046706; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11359029/
  87. Safdari, Faranak, et al. “Effect of Evening Primrose Oil on Postmenopausal Psychological Symptoms: A Triple-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial.” Journal of Menopausal Medicine, vol. 27, no. 2, 2021, p. 58, 10.6118/jmm.21010; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8408320/
  88. Horrobin, D. F. “The Role of Essential Fatty Acids and Prostaglandins in the Premenstrual Syndrome.” The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, vol. 28, no. 7, 1 July 1983, pp. 465–468; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6350579/
  89. Ide, Takashi, et al. “Comparative Study of Sesame Lignans (Sesamin, Episesamin and Sesamolin) Affecting Gene Expression Profile and Fatty Acid Oxidation in Rat Liver.” Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, vol. 55, no. 1, 1 Feb. 2009, pp. 31–43, 10.3177/jnsv.55.31; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19352061/
  90. Ashakumary, L., et al. “Sesamin, a Sesame Lignan, Is a Potent Inducer of Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation in the Rat.” Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, vol. 48, no. 10, 1 Oct. 1999, pp. 1303–1313, 10.1016/s0026-0495(99)90272-x; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10535395/
  91. Arnesjö, B., et al. “Intestinal Digestion and Absorption of Cholesterol and Lecithin in the Human. Intubation Studies with a Fat-Soluble Reference Substance.” Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 4, no. 8, 1969, pp. 653–665, 10.3109/00365526909180651; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5383690/
  92. Sahlin, K. “Boosting Fat Burning With Carnitine: An Old Friend Comes Out from the Shadow.” Journal of Physiology vol. 589,Pt 7 (2011): 1509-10; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3099008/
  93. Yasaman Pirahanchi, and Sandeep Sharma. “Biochemistry, Lipase.” Nih.gov, StatPearls Publishing, 2 Feb. 2019; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537346/